To be –
durum
“To be”
fiili durum belirtmek için kullanılır. Olay yok. The verb “to be” can be used
as a main verb, a linking verb, an auxiliary verb, a phrasal verb and can also
express modality in the phrase "be to".
To be
yapısında cümleler tense ve modal ile oluşturulur. Her iki durumda da simple ve
perfect fiil eki kullanılır.
Simple fiil eki yapısında:
Present:
am, is, are
Past: was,
were
Future:
will be
Perfect fiil eki yapısında:
Present:
have /has been, being (passive)
Past: had
been
Future:
will have been
Not: “continuous fiil” eki
yapısı yoktur.
Modal fiil eki yapısında:
modal + be
Modals:
will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, ought to, had better, would
rather, must.
Tahmin yürütülür.
He may be at home.
Modal perfect form:
He may have been at home for
two hours.
To be fiili,
İsimle
kullanılır:
to be +
article + noun. He is a student.
preposition + noun. She is at home.
She can be at theatre tonight.
Sıfatlar
ile kullanılır.
He was fat. (Now, he is thin.) She may be
hungry.
He has ben at the school since morning.
to be +
Ving He is sleeping. He was sleeping. He
will be sleeping.
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As a main verb, the verb “be” has the following
meanings: be located somewhere, exist, and take place.
Turkish civilisation is a
culture of heroes and warriors.
Life is unfair.
Walking is travel on foot.
Money isn't everything (= it
is not the only important thing).
They are very heavy.
He is tall. He is 1.8 meters
tall.
He is ten years old.
She is from Italy. Are you from London?
Susan is a doctor.
I am a student.
He is my brother.
He's a very tense person.
We are old friends.
She is happy. You aren’t glad.
Madrid is in Spain.
London is not England (= do
not think that all of England is like London).
The TV is in the living room.
Ella was in Paris a year ago.
I am in Paris for ten days
Isn’t your mother at home?
Today is Monday.
The party is on Friday
evening. I'll be at the party. He'll be here soon (= will arrive soon).
George will be here tomorrow.
How are you? I'm very well,
thanks.
Who is that?
Max has been to London
several times.
They were at the conference
last week.
The list of items is on the
desk.
The town is three miles away.
The meetings are always in
the main conference room.
The meeting was at six
yesterday.
This book is in two versions.
Is your jacket real leather?
This package is for you.
The fact is (that) we don't
have enough money.
How much is that dress?
How much is a thousand pounds
in euros?
A thousand dollars is nothing
to somebody as rich as he is.
It would be a shame if you
lost it.
It is easy to understand why.
It's strange how she never
comes to see us anymore.
This paper is more
appropriate for a physics journal specializing in Chaos.
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“to be” as a linking verb
The linking verb BE may be followed by a noun,
an adjective, a numeral, a pronoun, an infinitive, a gerund. The verb BE in
this function gives you a lot of ways to build sentences.
He is a doctor.
They are teachers.
It is a pencil. It is red.
She is hungry.
He is young.
He is interested in history.
I'm tired of his complaints.
She is two years old.
The book was forty pages
long.
It's me, dear.
It was he who invited them.
Your task is to write a
report.Görevin bir rapor yazmaktır.
His hobby is collecting
coins.
Many publishers are leaders
in the commercial and political lives of their towns
In some
phrases with adjectives, the verb “be” can be replaced by the verb GET to show
the beginning, change, or result of the action. Compare these sentences:
It is cold. It is getting
cold.
She was angry at Richard. She
got angry at Richard.
My coat is wet. My coat got
wet.
“to be” as an auxiliary verb
As an auxiliary verb, the verb “to be” helps to
form the Continuous and Perfect Continuous Tenses in the Active Voice and all
of the tenses in the Passive Voice.
Active
Voice:
He is sleeping now.
He was sleeping at three
yesterday.
He will be sleeping at three
tomorrow.
He has been sleeping for two
hours.
He had been sleeping for
about two hours by the time you returned.
Passive
Voice:
This work is usually done by
Tom.
That picture was brought from
Italy.
This work will be done
tomorrow.
The report is being prepared
now.
This letter has been written
by John.
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“to be” as a phrasal verb
Phrasal verb “be” is used with various postpositions
and with nouns with prepositions. For example:
He is out. He's not in.
He'll be back in an hour.
What are you up to?
Hot water is off.
His conduct in that situation
was above reproach.
The verb “be” in some phrases with postpositions
can be replaced by the verb “get” to show the beginning, change, or result of
the action.
He is back. He got back yesterday.
Contracted forms of the verb “to be”
Contractions
(contracted forms) are short words formed from two or more words. The most
common example is when we add "not" to an auxiliary verb in negative
sentences. Contractions of auxiliary verbs are widely used in speech and
writing. Full forms are considered preferable in formal style of writing.
The verb “to be” in the affirmative:
Present tense:
Singular:
I am – I'm; he is – he's; she is – she's; it is – it's.
Plural: we
are – we're; you are – you're; they are – they're.
Past tense:
I / he /
she / it was – [not contracted]
We / you /
they were – [not contracted]
The verb “be” in the negative
Present tense:
Singular:
I am not – I'm not; he is not – he's not / he isn't; she is not – she's not /
she isn't; it is not – it's not / it isn't.
Plural: we
are not – we're not / we aren't; you are not – you're not / you aren't; they
are not – they're not / they aren't.
Past tense:
Singular:
I/he/she/it was not – I/he/she/it wasn't
Plural: you/we/they/you
were not – you/we/they weren't
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“to be” in questions
The verb “to be” as a main verb or a linking
verb forms questions in the Simple Present and Past simple on its own. (Other
main verbs use the auxiliary verb “do” for this purpose.
For example:
Does he go there?
Did he go there?)
Look at these examples:
She is a new teacher from
Chicago.
Is she a new teacher? – Yes,
she is. – No, she isn't.
Who is she? – She is a new
teacher from Chicago.
Where is she from? – She is
from Chicago. / From Chicago.
She is a new teacher from
Chicago, isn't she? – Yes, she is. – No, she isn't.
She isn't from Chicago, is
she? – Yes, she is. She is from Chicago. – No, she isn't. She is not from
Chicago.
He was in Rome last year.
Was he in Rome last year? –
Yes, he was. Yes, he was in Rome last year. – No, he was not. No, he wasn't in
Rome last year.
Where was he last year? – He
was in Rome. / In Rome.
When was he in Rome? – He was
in Rome last year. / Last year.
He was in Rome last year,
wasn't he? – Yes, he was. Yes, he was in Rome last year. – No, he wasn't. No,
he wasn't in Rome last year.
to be to: am to , is to , and are to
The verb “to
be” expresses modality in the construction “be + to + verb”, strong expectation
of some action according to a rule, instruction, agreement, or order. The
phrase "to be " is close in meaning to the modal verb “must”, while
the phrase "be not to" is close in meaning to “must not” expressing
prohibition.
The forms of "be to" in the present and future: am to, is to,
and are to.
The forms in the past: was
to, were to.
You are not to feed the
animals. (A sign in the zoo.)
You are not to talk to the
other students during the examination.
The committee is to start
work next week.
Komite gelecek hafta işe başlayacak.
I was to meet them at the
station, but my car broke down.
The solution was to have four
great arches spring from pillars at the four corners of the square.
The phrases "be to, be not to" are not
very common in everyday speech. The modal verbs “must, should” and the phrases
"have to, be supposed to" are often used instead of them.
You are to be here at six
o'clock. You have to be here at six o'clock.
You are not to smoke here.
You shouldn't smoke here.
The lecture is to begin at
five.The lecture is supposed to begin at five.
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to be of … (Is of… / are of…)
To be of +
noun: have + noun
I am of the opinion that the
elections were not fair. Seçimlerin adil olmadığı fikrine sahibim.
Most scientists concerned
with climate change are of the opinion that cities are hotter than their
surroundings and create updrafts of air causing cloud formation.
İklim değişikliği ile ilgili çoğu bilim adamı,
kentlerin, çevrelerinden daha sıcak olduğu ve bulut oluşumuna neden olan dikey
hava akımları yarattığı görüşündedir.
To be + of
+ noun: to be + adj [of noun]
It is of vital important. =it
is vitally important.
These myths are of particular
interest and value to us. = These myths are particularly interest and value to
us.
Without the sketch of a thing
or a diagram of a process, scientific facts and laws are of little use
to engineers.
Bir şeyin taslağı ya da bir sürecin diyagramı
olmadan, bilimsel gerçekler ve yasalar mühendisler için çok az kullanılır.
To be + adj + noun / noun phrase: To be guilty
of …; To be afraid of …
They thought that he was guilty of racial
discrimination. Onlar onun ırk ayrımcılığından suçlu olduğunu düşünüyorlardı.
to be of + Qw
Portland, Maine, is where the
poet Henry Wadsworh Longfellow spent his early years.
