Transformation
Structure
16.1
Types of Sentences
16.2
Conversion
16.3
Simple to Compound
16.4
Simple to Complex
16.5
Practice Exercises
Sentences are divided into three classes from structural point of view
i.e. depending on the number
and type of clauses that are used is a sentence. These are:
1.
Simple Sentence
2.
Compound Sentence
3.
Complex Sentence
16.1
Simple Sentences
A sentence which consist of only one subject and
predicate is called a simple sentence.
The subject consists of the subject
it self and the enlargement of the subject through modifiers. The object consists
of verb, complement, object, modifiers of the object or adverbial extension.
It also has only one independent clause
and states one idea. It may contain
other parts of speech
such as modifiers or preposition phrases. It may also contain
a compound subject
or a compound verb.
Ex.
Man is a social animal. The sun rises
in the East. Honesty is the best policy.
She was standing at the bus stop. She has settled down.
The storm has subsided. The prices have gone up.
16.2
Compound Sentences
A sentence which consists of two or more co-ordinate
clauses is called a Compound Sentence.
It has two or more independent clauses combined by a connecting or coordinating word. The compound sentence does not have any subordinate or dependent clause. The connecting words are called conjunctions. Some common connecting words used to join two sentences into one compound sentence are :
|
and |
now |
for |
as well as |
who |
|
yet |
so |
either |
or |
where |
|
but Ex. |
also |
neither nor |
|
|
I went to the garden and found the
children playing there.
The doctor examined
the patient and prescribed him some medicines. I looked at the poor
widow and she
started crying.
He tried hard
but failed in his attempt. She sang and her sister
danced.
She is neither clever nor beautiful. The orphan was both tried and hungry. You should reads as well as write.
16.3
Complex Sentence
A sentence which
consists of one main clause
and one or more sub ordinate clause is called a Complex Sentences.
It this sentence one clause is independent and it is called the main clause. The other clause forming part of the complex sentence is dependent and it is called a subordinate clause. The main clause contains the main verb and is not dependent on the other clauses(s) for its meaning. The subordinate clause expresses an idea which is dependent on the main idea. A subordinate clause is less important than the main clause.
Sentences with clauses of unequal importance are called complex sentences. They also add variety to the writing. The conjunction used to combine the clauses of a complex sentences is called subordinate conjunction. It explains the relationship of one clause to the other. The common subordinate conjunctions with the relationship they define are :
|
|
HOW |
WHEN |
WHERE |
WHY |
|
|
as if |
after |
where |
because |
|
|
how |
before |
wherever |
if |
|
|
unless |
when |
|
since |
|
|
though |
whenever |
|
so that |
|
|
although |
once |
|
|
|
|
even though |
while |
|
|
|
|
|
since |
|
|
|
Ex. |
|
until |
|
|
When I went there, I found the
baby sleeping.
She went to the market
after she had finished cooking
the food. If you know about it,
please tell me.
I met Raghav before he went to Delhi.
There was a queen who
was very kind
and beautiful. If you obey
me I shall help you.
Converting Simple Sentences into Compound sentences
1.
India wants
peace. Pakistan does not want peace.
India wants peace
but Pakistan does
not want it.
2.
Walk with
care. You will
stumble. Walk with care or you will stumble.
3.
He is a rogue.
He is a mad man. He is both a rogue and a mad man.
4. Take medicine regularly. You will not get better. Take medicine regularly, else you will not get better.
5.
Try to be honest.
Try to be faithful.
Try not only to be honest but also be faithful.
6.
He is a liar.
He is a coward. He is a liar or he is a coward.
7.
The weather
was hot. The weather was not unpleasant. The weather was hot, yet it was not unpleasant.
8.
He was obstinate. He was punished.
He was obstinate therefore he was punished.
9.
You can go by car. You can go by bike. You can go either
by car or bike.
10.
The river
is deep. I cannot swim
in it. The river is deep so I cannot
swim in it.
11.
Being
poor they often suffered great hardship. There were poor and often suffered hardship.
12.
In spite
of his weakness he appeared
at the examination. He
was weak, yet
he appeared at the examination.
13.
By her pleasant manners
she gained many
friends.
She had pleasant manners and therefore gained many friends.
14.
He ran fast to catch the train.
He ran fast for he wanted to catch the train.
Converting Simple Sentences into Complex Sentences
1.
She lives
here. This is her house. This is her house where she lives.
2.
There was a queen.
She was very beautiful and kind.
There was a queen who
was very beautiful and kind.
3.
I shall
help you. Your
condition is to obey me. If you obey me I shall
help you. Or
I shall help you if you obey me.
4.
Reema had
loved me. She told me that.
Reema had told me that she had loved me.
5.
The woman
was very kind.
She helped the
children. The woman who was very
kind, helped the children.
6.
This is a large
hotel. My uncle
built it.
This is a large hotel that was built by my uncle.
7.
I went
there. Mother was
cooking in the kitchen.
When I went
there mother was
cooking in the kitchen.
8.
We help
others. We want
to receive help. We
help others that we may receive help.
9.
My friend
may have been married. I don't know that.
I don't know whether my friend has
been married.
10.
Kristina is friendly. Her sister is impolite.
Where as Kristina is friendly her sister is impolite.
11.
He had
taken a foolish
decision. I was
surprised at it. I
was surprised at what he had decided
foolishly.
12.
You finish your assignments. I will wait
for you.
I shall wait for you until you finish your assignment.
13.
I am delighted. You have achieved
your goal.
I am delighted that you have achieved your goal.
14.
How can I reach
Mumbai tomorrow? That
is the problem. The problem
is how can
I reach Mumbai
tomorrow.
15.
Honesty is the best
policy. He believes
in it. He believes
that honesty is the best
policy.
16.4 Practice Exercises
Exercise 1
1.
I read the book.
I returned it to the Library.
2.
My sister was married. She resigned from
the job.
3.
He wants to help.
He has no money.
4.
The house is very expensive. He cannot buy it.
5.
It is raining heavily.
You must take
your umbrella.
6.
He likes chocolates. I don't like
chocolates.
7.
Puneet must get a job.
He will starve.
8.
The principal ordered him to go.
He did not go.
9.
Jane didn't
inform his family
members. Jane did not inform his
friends.
10.
She ate bananas.
She didn't eat apples.
Exercise 2
1.
He is not educated.
He has become a great novelist.
2.
He is a wicked
person. It is known
to all.
3.
The student
had not come to me. I don't
know the reason.
4.
She had very little experience.
She got the award for the best employee.
5.
You know
his name. Then, please tell me.
6.
He was not selected. He was the best.
7.
The black
coat is the most poplar
choice. It is
attractive.
8.
The film did not get the award.
The nomination gave the director new identity.
9.
The bard visited India.
It won the Grammy award.
10.
I wrote the book.
I corrected the errors.
