Passive Voice
İpuçları:
•
Boşluğun arkasındaki ifade eğer nesne ise işaretlenecek şık
aktif, eğer boşluğun devamındaki ifadede nesne yok ise işaretlenecek şık pasif
olmalıdır.
• Cümle pasif yapıda ise “V3” ten sonra
genellikle “by” gelir.
Passive voice reduction:
Zarf cümleciğinde, soruda bağlaçlardan sonra özne yok ise doğru
yanıt: zaman aynı ise “aktif: Ving / being” ya da “ pasif: (
being) + V3”,
zaman farklı ise “aktif: having + V3”, ya da “pasif: (having been)+ V3” olacaktır. Perfect Progressive: “having been Ving” olur.
-
He remembers being
taken to the fair as a child.
Voice shows whether the subject acts or is subjected to action. There are
two voices in English: the active voice and the passive voice. The noun or noun
phrase that would be the object of an active sentence appears as the subject of
a sentence with passive voice. “Passive”
yapıda önemli olan, etkilenen olayın kendisidir. Yapanın kim ya da ne olduğu
“by” ile belirtilir.
If the subject performs the
action, the verb form is used in the active voice.
- His parents built a new house ten years ago.
To make the passive: “to be + past participle (+ by agent)”.
- A new house was built by his parents ten
years ago.
|
Tense |
Auxiliary + Verb form |
|
Simple Present |
am/is/are + past participle (V3) |
|
Present Continuous |
am/is/are being+ past participle |
|
Present Perfect |
have/has been + past participle |
|
Present Perfect Continuous |
have/has been being + past participle |
|
Past simple |
was/were + past participle |
|
Past Continuous |
was/were being + past participle |
|
Past Perfect |
had been + past participle |
|
Past Perfect Continuous |
had been being + past participle |
|
Simple Future |
will (shall) be + past participle |
|
Future Continuous |
will (shall) be being + past participle |
|
Future Perfect |
will (shall) have been + past participle |
|
Future Perfect Continuous |
will (shall) have been being + past participle |
Present
continuous (passive voice): am/is/are + being + PP. Use the Present Continuous
with normal verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this
very moment.
Passive
verb’den sonra “Agent” olarak kullanılan yapılar:
•
By: tarafından,
yoluyla, ile
•
By means of: vasıtasıyla
•
By way of:
yoluyla
•
Through:
sayesinde, aracıyla
•
Via: üzerinden, yoluyla
•
In terms of: açısından
• into
Adjectival uses: (V3+ noun)
Past participles of transitive verbs can also be
used as adjectives (as in a broken doll)
- The window was broken. The broken window…
- The car was stolen. The stolen car…
Examples:
- I see him every day.He is seen every day by me.
- I met him at the station. He was met at the
station.
-
He will read
this story tomorrow. This story will be read
tomorrow.
-
I have written
a story today. A story has been written today.
- I had done the same thing before.The same
thing had been done before.
-
He gave me a
book. A book was given to me.
- He will deliver that letter. That letter will
be delivered.
-
She made the
cake.The cake was made by her.
- I have not eaten the cake. The cake has not
been eaten by me.
- You must not take these books.These books
must not be taken by you.
-
People don’t
speak english here.English isn’t spoken here.
- Did anyone take my letter? Was my letter
taken by anyone?
-
When ought you
to finish it? When ought it to be finished?
-
Where had you
caught the thief? Where had the thief been caught?
- Don’t you put the money into the safe? Isn’t
the money put into the safe?
Generally, you need the passive voice in the following cases:
Case 1: When it is not known or
not necessary to mention who performs the action.
- Cotton is grown in Egypt.
- His book hasn't been published yet.
-
His house was
built a year ago.
- The film will be released in a month.
Case 2: When it is necessary to draw more attention to the receiver of
the action. In this case, the object in the active construction becomes the
subject in the passive construction and receives more attention. A phrase with
the preposition "by" is used if it is necessary to show by whom the
action is performed.
-
Someone broke the kitchen window yesterday. (active construction: window
– object) The kitchen window was broken yesterday. (passive construction:
window – subject)
-
Stephen King
wrote The Green Mile in 1996. (The Green Mile – object)
The Green Mile was written by Stephen King in 1996. (The Green Mile –
subject)
If there are two objects in the active construction, i.e., direct object
and indirect object, either of them can become the subject of the passive
construction, though passive constructions in which the indirect object has
become the subject are considered to be more common.. Compare:
-
They gave Tom a valuable prize. Tom was given a valuable prize. (The
indirect object "Tom" becomes the subject of this passive
construction in English.)
A valuable prize was given to Tom. (The direct object
"prize" becomes the subject of this passive construction in English.)
-
A large construction company offered George a good job. George was
offered a good job at a large construction company.
A good job was offered to George by a large construction company.
Do not use
passive constructions unnecessarily. In many cases it is better to use active
constructions if you know who performs the action.
Normal: I've
already bought a new computer.
Strange: A new computer has been bought by me
already.
The subject is subjected to the action; the verb
form is used in the passive voice:
- John wrote a letter. The letter was written
by John. [write, wrote, written]
- The food was cooked by my father. The agent
is “my father”. [Agent: etkili olan kimse].
-
A new house
was built by his parents ten years ago.
- He was bitten by a dog.
-
His new car
was damaged in the accident.
-
The money was
shared among three people.
- Your money will be refunded if the goods are
not to your satisfaction.
-
The area was
closed to visitors.
- Three stores were robbed last night.
-
He was
completely deprived of his legal rights.
- He was denied the right to apply for a post
at the University of Berlin.
-
His novel idea of history was wholly based on his experiences of
life and politics in Turkey where he grew up.
The passive construction has the same meaning of the tense as the active
construction, and the same adverbs of time are used with the tenses in the
active and in the passive. As a rule, the present perfect continuous, past
perfect continuous, future perfect continuous, and future continuous are not
used in the passive.
Simple Present:
Meaning 1: Habitual, regular action in the present.
Time
expressions: usually; every day; often; sometimes; rarely. Examples:
-
Mail is usually
delivered at eight o'clock.
- This blog is updated every day.
-
Human
behaviour is heavily influenced by environmental and social pressures.
Meaning 2:
Stating a fact, general truth, state or condition. Examples:
-
English is
spoken in many countries.
- Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
-
Paper is made
from wood pulp.
-
Mail is
delivered at 8:00 a.m.
- These toys are made in China.
-
Dinner here is
served after seven.
- English is spoken in many countries of the world.
-
English
textbooks are often sold at the university bookstore.
- The word "office" is spelled with
double "f".
- He is said to be a hundred years old.
- She is supposed to be back in an hour.
Present Continuous:
The action is going on now.
Time expressions: now; right now; at the moment.
- He is being examined by the doctor at the moment.
- The report is being typed right now.
-
A new road is
being built now.
The present
continuous in the passive is often replaced by active constructions in everyday
speech.
-
A new road is
under construction now.
-
The doctor is
examining him at the moment.
Present Perfect:
The action has just ended.
Time expressions: already; just; yet.
- The letter has already been sent.
- We have just been informed of his arrival.
-
One of your colleagues has been promoted to associate professor. As you
have always been very impressed by the academic quality of his work, you think
that he fully deserves the promotion.
Reporting how things have
developed by now.
Time
expressions: by now: şu ana dek; so far:
şimdiye kadar; never: asla; ever: her zaman; several times; since: den
beri; lately: son zamanlarda, geçenlerde.
-
So far, ten
workers have been fired.
- He has never been invited to their house before.
- We have just been informed about another
accident at the plant.
- This information has already been checked and
reported to the boss.
-
So far, ten
employees have been fired by the new director.
- They have never been invited to a boat party
before.
- He has been seen in that house twice.
- She has been locked in her apartment for
three days already.
Past simple:
Meaning: The action happened in
the past.
Time expressions: yesterday; last week; last year;
in 1996; in 2010; two hours ago.
Examples:
His house was built a year ago. She was offered a good job last week. The
telephone was invented by Alexander Bell.
-
His uncle was
killed in the war.
- This dress was made in India.
-
The telescope
was invented by Galileo.
- Laura was asked to speak at the teachers'
conference last week.
- The message was left on my desk in the office
two days ago.
- His wallet, his passport, and his credit card
were stolen yesterday.
Past Continuous:
Meaning: The action was going on (1) when another past action happened or
(2) at some point of time in the past. The past continuous in the passive is
often replaced by active constructions in everyday speech.
Time expressions: while; when; at five o'clock
yesterday.
- When I came to the hospital, Tom was being
examined by the doctor.
- I couldn't use my office yesterday because it
was being painted.
- The new program was being tested for errors
at three o'clock yesterday.
Past Perfect:
Meaning: The
action happened before another past action or before some point of time in the
past.
Time expressions: by the time; before; after; by
1990; by yesterday; by last week.
- By the time I returned, the work on the
project had been finished.
- By 2005, five new hotels had been built.
- By the time I returned, the work on the
project had been finished.
The past perfect
in the passive may be replaced by the Past simple in the passive in everyday
speech when using "before" or "after" instead of "by
the time".
-
The work on the project was finished before I returned. I returned after
the work on the project was finished.
Simple Future:
Meaning: The action will happen
in the future.
Time expressions: tomorrow; in a few days; next
week; in 2025; in the future.
- The film will be released in a month.
- This work will be done tomorrow.
-
The
construction of the new school will be completed next year.
- The results of the mathematical contest will
be announced tomorrow.
-
The award will
be given to the best math student.
- It will be done, I am sure.
-
The 1990s will
be known as the second Gilded Age.
Future Perfect:
Meaning: The
action will happen before another future action or before some point of time in
the future.
Time
expressions: by the time; by 2035; by tomorrow; before.
- By the time you return, the report will have
been typed.
- By 2050 the cure for cancer will have been found.
-
Experts say
that by 2050 the cure for cancer will have been found.
-
Dear clients! By this time tomorrow your telephone connection will have
been restored completely.
The future
perfect in the passive is used mostly in writing, for example, in formal
correspondence and scientific literature.
Need + to Verb
Passive voice: need to be + V3
-
Not only knowledge and skills, but also attitudes need to be
cultivated in school for students’s future adjustment to society.
Forming passives with modals:
Affirmative
Form: Object + may,(must, can, could, ought to, should) + be + verb3 Question
Form Must, (may, can, should, might) + object + be + verb3 (past participle)
-
Our English
teacher may give an exam today.
An exam may be
given by our English teacher today.
Verbs that indicate state passive are mostly used
with a preposition.
be based on
be
committed to be confused with
be
connected to /with be dedicated to
be devoted
to be done with be engaged to be filled with
be finished
with be interested in be involved in be known for
be made of (if there is only physical change in the
raw material)
be made
from (if the raw material changes chemically as well as physically) be made out
of (if you alter an item, and use it with a different aim)
be obliged
to someone be prepared for
be provided
with be related to
be
remembered for be terrified of
be tired
of/from
be upset
with someone be used to
Impersonal
passive constructions in the form of impersonal sentences with the formal
subject. "It" in the main clause are often used in news reports.
Passive constructions with the infinitive are also used in the news quite
often; in such constructions, the subject is
stated.
-
It is known
that the director is against this plan. The director is known to be against
this plan.
-
It is believed that he is the richest man in the country. He is believed
to be the richest man in the country.
-
It was expected that the mayor would approve the new project. The mayor was expected to
approve the new project.
-
It is reported that four people were injured in the accident. Four people
are reported to have been injured in the accident.
-
It was reported that he bought several expensive houses. He was reported
to have bought several expensive houses.
To promote the object of a
preposition may be called the prepositional passive.
- They talked about the problem. The problem
was talked about.
-
Someone has
slept in this bunk. This bunk has been slept in. (fully acceptable)
It is not
usually possible to promote a prepositional object if the verb also has a
direct object; any passive rendering of the sentence must instead promote the
direct object. For example:
-
Someone has
put a child in this bunk.
This
bunk has been put a child in. (unacceptable) A child has been put in this bunk.
(acceptable)
Exceptions occur with certain idiomatic
combinations of “verb + object + preposition”, such as take advantage
of:
-
I feel people
have taken advantage of me.
I feel I have
been taken advantage of. (acceptable)
Some passive constructions are
not derived exactly from a corresponding active construction.
- They say (that) he cheats. It is said that he cheats.
Another way of forming passives in such cases involves promoting the
subject of the content clause to the subject of the main clause, and converting
the content clause into a non-finite clause with the to-infinitive.
-
They say that
he cheats. He is said to cheat.
- They think that I am dying. I am thought to
be dying.
-
They report
that she came back / has come back. She is reported to have come back.
-
They say that
she will resign. She is said to be going to resign.
Some verbs are used almost
exclusively in the passive voice.
- He was rumored to be a war veteran. / It was
rumored that he was a war veteran.
But it is not
possible to use the active counterpart *They rumored that he was a war veteran.
(This was once possible, but has fallen out of use.)
Another
situation in which the passive uses a different construction than the active
involves the verb make, meaning "compel". When this verb is used in
the active voice it takes the bare infinitive (without the particle to), but in
the passive voice it takes the to-infinitive. For example:
-
They made Jane
attend classes. Jane was made to attend classes.
Certain other constructions are
sometimes classed as passives.
- City hall damaged by hail
-
Our work
done, we made our way back home.
-
That said, there are also other considerations.
Other
constructions are mentioned in which a passive past participle clause is used,
even though it is not introduced by the auxiliary be or get (or is introduced
by get with a direct object):
-
I had my car
cleaned by a professional.
- Jane had her car stolen last week.
-
You ought to
get that lump looked at.
- This software comes pre-installed by the manufacturer.
In the concealed passive, the present participle or gerund form (-ing
form) appears rather than the past
participle. This can appear after “need”, and for some speakers after want
(with similar meaning).
-
Your car needs washing. (meaning "needs to be washed"; some
speakers might say needs washed)
- That rash needs looking at by a specialist.
- His hair wants cutting.
The verbs need and want also
have similar uses with an object:
- I need/want my room painting.
The
construction called double passive can arise when one verb appears in the
to-infinitive as the complement of another verb.
-
We expect you to complete the project. The project is expected to be
completed. (double passive)
- The man was ordered to be shot and I was
persuaded to be ordained.
-
We attempted
to complete the project. The project was attempted to be completed.
The term middle voice is sometimes used to refer to verbs used without a
passive construction, but in a meaning where the grammatical subject is
understood as undergoing the action. The meaning may be reflexive:
-
Fred shaved.
Fred shaved himself
- These cakes sell well. We sell these cakes successfully.
-
The clothes
are soaking. The water is soaking the clothes.
- The house is building. The house is being
built.
- The meal is eating. The meal is being eaten.
A rare example of the passival
form being used in modern English is with the following phrase:
- The drums are beating. The drums are being beaten.
Sorulan soruda boşluğun ardında nesne
var ise aktif, nesne yoksa pasif olabilir, dikkatli olunmalıdır. “Kime, niye”
sorusuna cümlede yanıt olup olmadığına da bakılmalıdır.
-
“The patient the medicine tomorrow.” Cümlesinde nesne
olmasına rağmen yapı pasiftir. Yanıt:[will be given] olacaktır.
-
He (tell) yesterday.
Cümlesinde “kime, niye sorusunun yanıtı yoktur, yapı pasiftir: He was told yesterday.
-
“They (tell) him yesterday.”
Cümlesinde kime sorusunun yanıtı mevcuttur, yapı aktifdir: They told him yesterday.
- The food is being served. (Present
progressive passive)
-
The stadium
will have been built by next January. (Future perfect passive)
- I would have gotten injured if I had stayed
in my place. (Conditional perfect passive with
get)
-
It isn't nice
to be insulted. (Passive infinitive)
-
Having been
humiliated, he left the stage. (Passive present participle, perfect aspect)
-
Jo Cox was seen as a rising political star. 52-year-old arrested Jo Cox’s
death.She was a lawmaker.
-
The bridge was designed by him. The bridge which was designed by
him. The bridge designed by him
-
The Golden Gate, [which is] painted a bright red-orange called
"International Orange", requires repainting every year because of the
salty, corrosive air.
- The bright color, seen even in dense fog,
gives the bridge high-visibility.
-
Patients who are prescribed a full course of antibiotics need to keep
taking the medicine until it is completely gone.
Patients
prescribed a full course of antibiotics need to keep taking the medicine until
it is completely gone.
- At this moment somebody in the world is dying
and another is being born.
-
My classmate
gave this book to me. This book was given to me by my classmate
-
You should pump up the tyres before every trip. Her seyahatten önce
tekerlekleri şişirmelisin. The tyres should be pumped up before every trip. Her
seyahatten önce tekerlekler şişirilmelidir.
-
People say that that man is a thief. İnsanlar şu adamın hırsız olduğunu
söylüyor. It’s said that that man is a thief. O adamın hırsız
olduğu söyleniyor. (noun clause)
That man is said to be the thief. O adamın hırsız olduğu söyleniyor.
- Nobody has used this computer. Hiç kimse bu
bilgisayarı kullanmadı.
This
computer hasn’t been used (by anybody). Bu bilgisayar hiç kimse tarafından kullanılmadı.
This computer has been used by nobody. Bu bilgisayar hiç kimse
tarafından kullanılmadı.
- The energy from light rays is concentrated
and the rays are able to penetrate objects.
-
He has ordered
an investigation. Araştırma talimatı verildi.
- It was invited to give a concert.
-
Electromagnetic
radiation is identified based on frequency, wavelength, and source.
-
The EM wave is attenuated (i.e. reduced in apparent power) as it
propagates from the transmitter to the receiver.
-
This product was developed, manufactured and tested in compliance with
our quality management standards.
-
Conformity is proven by compliance with the following standards. Uygunluk
aşağıdaki uygunluk standartlar ile kanıtlanır.
- Format defines how the measured data is
presented in the graphical display.
- Some people are opposed to stem cell
research. (Kök hücre)
-
A single coin was found in the ruins of great Zimbabwe and one coin was
found in the Arabian Peninsula, in what is now Oman, but nowhere else. And yet,
here is this handful of them in northern Australia, this is the astonishing thing.
-
I was given a
piece of paper to write down information about
myself.
-
Social distinctions can be based only on common utility. Sosyal
farklılıklar ancak ortak yarar temelinde olabilir.
-
More than 100 National Guard members were deployed in New York to assist
in clearing roads and removing abandoned vehicles.
-
In 1990 it was introduced into the field of scientific psychology,
defined as “the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings, to
discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and action.”
-
It is believed that the
first cheese was probably made more than 4,000 years ago by nomadic tribes in
Asia.
-
When people told him he was wasting his time, energy, and money for
nothing, Edison exclaimed, “For nothing! Every time I make an experiment, I get
new results. Failures are stepping stones to success.” He was not
discouraged by the possibility of failure.
-
An enduring illusion of the Americans is that every social imperfection
can be corrected simply by passing a law.
-
We're looking
for the lady whose handbag was stolen
yesterday.
-
When the Sirkeci train station went into service on November 3, 1890, the
waiting room was heated with stoves brought from Austria and lit by coal-gas lamps.
