Tenses
Bir hareket, bir iş bir oluş bildiren kelimelere fiil
(Verb) denir. İngilizce’de fiiller cümle içerisinde beş ayrı şekilde kullanılır.
•
Infinitive form: to go, to do, to wait
•
Present (simple) form: go, do, and wait
•
Present participle form: going, doing, waiting
•
Past form: went, did, waited
•
Past participle form: gone, done, waited
Verb:
Fiiller
zamandan ve fiil ekinden etkilenirler. Zaman: Present, Past, Future
Fiil ekleri:
Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous.
Example:
It is raining. Şu an yağmur yağıyor. It has been
raining for two hours.
Tense:
|
Simple |
Continuous |
Perfect |
Perfect Continuous |
|
Present |
Present |
Present |
Present |
|
Past |
Past |
Past |
Past |
|
Future |
Future |
Future |
Future |
Past Present Future
Simple, When ?
Continuous, simple zamanın etrafında Perfect, simple
zamanın öncesi
Perfect
continuous tense ise simple zamanın etrafında devam eden olayın süresi
Zamanın şu an mı, geçmişte mi yoksa
gelecekte mi? Present, Past, Future. Simple, “when” sorusuna yanıt arar.
Continuous, simple zamanın etrafında devam eden olayları
tanımlar. Perfect, simple zamanın öncesini tanımlar.
Perfect continuous tense ise simple zamanın etrafında devam
eden olayın süresini tanımlar.
Tenses are often regarded in groups:
· simple
tenses / the indefinite tenses
· continuous
tenses / the progressive tenses
· perfect tenses
· perfect
continuous tenses / the perfect progressive
tenses
· The
tenses can be in the active or passive voice
Verb
yapısında:
To be: durum belirtir.
Have /has
got: aitlik belirtir. Tense: olaylar
anlatılır.
Modal: duygu ve düşünceler kullanılır.
Modal Verb:
Will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, ought to, had better, would rather, must. Modal fiiller yanında bir fiil ile kullanılırlar. Duygu, düşünce üretirler. “Have to” bir modal değildir.
The
perfect form is the verb tense used to indicate a completed, or
"perfected," action or condition. Verbs can appear in any one of
three perfect tenses: present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. Verbs
in the perfect form use a form of "have" or "had" + the
past participle. (It is the form of the helping verb that indicates the tense.)
- Present Perfect: I have finished my homework already.
- Past Perfect: He had watched TV for an hour
before dinner.
-
Future
Perfect: Nancy will have finished by the time her parents return.
The progressive form is a verb tense used to show an ongoing action in
progress at some point in time. It shows an action still in progress. Verbs can
appear in any one of three progressive tenses: present progressive, past
progressive, and future progressive.
The
verbs in the progressive form use a form of "to be" + the present
participle (an -ing verb). (It is the form of the helping verb that indicates
the tense.)
- Present Progressive: The cake is baking slowly.
-
Past
Progressive: The trees were waving back and forth.
-
Future
Progressive: The children will be laughing.
Perfect + Progressive
The
perfect and progressive forms can be combined, as in the following examples
(again, the form of the helping verbs indicates the tense):
- Present Perfect Progressive: I have been
running for an hour.
- Past Perfect Progressive: I had been running
for an hour.
- Future Perfect Progressive: I will have been
running for an hour.
Was, were
- Columbus was not the first European to set
foot on the American Continents.
-
Until the mid-nineteenth century, producing steel cheaply and in large
quantities was impossible.
Form: S +Verb (+
s/es in third person) Habitual, regular action in the present.
Tekil
cümleler:
We add “s /es” to the
verb for “he, she or it”.
- Does it snow in the Sahara desert?
- It doesn’t snow in Egypt. It rains very often
in the spring.
-
Money doesn't
guarantee happiness.
- He goes to work by bus every day. He works
very hard.
- Tim sometimes works till 10 pm in the evening.
-
He plays
football but he doesn't play tennis.
- He wants to be (= become) a pilot when he
grows up
-
How does the laser work? It creats an intense beam of energy from light.
The energy from light rays is concentrated and the rays are able to penetrate
objects. (Intense: şiddetli, güçlü, Concentrated: Çok güçlü, yoğun, Penetrate:
İçine nüfuz etmek)
-
How does an
inventor turn their new invention ideas into
money?
-
The European Court of Human Rights considers his appeal. (“The European Court of Human Rights” tekil bir ifadedir.)
- Does it matter? Öneml mi?
- He lives in London and works at a bank.
-
He plays the
piano quite well.
Time expressions:
always, usually, every day,
often, sometimes, rarely, never, occasionally, seldom.
- I usually work till seven o'clock.
- I often talk to him on the phone.
-
He visits them sometimes.
- I don’t get up early on Sundays.
-
What drinks do
you like?
-
They go on
vacation to every summer.
- I usually get up at 7 o’clock in the morning.
- I don't like horror films! (horror: korku,
dehşet )
-
I never drink
coffee with milk.
- The banks open at 9:00 am and close at 5:00 pm.
-
The bus
arrives at the station at 8 o’clock in the morning.
Something that is always true:
- The earth goes around the sun.
- The sun rises in the East. The sun sets in
the West.
-
Kangaroos live
in Australia. Do elephants live longer than
humans?
-
Trees lose
their leaves in the fall. Flowers don't grow in winter.
- Wood floats on water. ( to float: batmadan yüzmek)
-
Water freezes
at 0 degrees. Water boils at 100° Celsius.
-
The adult
human body contains 206 bones.
- Light travels at almost 300,000 kilometres
per second.
-
Cyanobacteria, these microscopic organisms sometimes form bright
blue-green layers on ponds and oceans. Their ancestors invented a trick that
has since spread like wildlife. They evolved a way to take energy from
sunlight, and use it to make sugars out of water and carbon dioxide. This is
called photosynthesis, and today it's how all green plants get their food.
-
Las Vegas
massacre reignites gun control debate.
Las Vegas katliamı silah kontrol tartışmalarını yeniden başlatıyor.
Stating a fact, general truth, state or condition.
- Children now regularly learn to talk, walk
and use the internet at a very early age.
-
Trademarks protect words, names, symbols, sounds, or colors that
distinguish goods and services.
- Most babies learn to speak when they are
about two years old.
Simple present can replace
the simple future with the meaning "according to schedule, timetable".
-
The ship
arrives next week.
- He works tomorrow.
- I leave Frankfurt at 5 in the morning and
arrive in New York at midnight the next day.
Simple present is used instead of the present continuous with stative
verbs.
- I see a little boy.
-
I understand
what you mean.
- “You look just like your mother,” Ms. Jones
told me.
To be
- Her house is very small.
Reading Part:
John likes chocolates very much, but his mother doesn't
give him. They are bad for his teeth, she thinks. But John has a very nice
grandfather. The old man loves his grandson very much. And sometimes he buys
John some chocolates. Then his mother lets him eat them, because she wants to
make the old man happy. On Sunday evening, it is John's seventh birthday. He
says, "Please, God, make them give me a big box of chocolates for my
birthday,"His mother says, “God can't hear you. Don't shout." "
I know, "says the clever boy with a smile.”. "But my grandfather is
in the next room, and he can!"
Past simple
tense: Ved or irregular verbs. An action started and finished at a
specific time in the past. The action happened (started and ended) in the past.
Time
expressions: yesterday; last week; last year; in 1995; in 2009; two hours ago;
four years ago.
-
I saw him an
hour ago.
- He came back last Friday.
-
She went to
the theater yesterday.
- They visited London in 2009.
- Did you wait for him very long? Yes, I didn’t
go to bed until five in the morning.
- The World War II ended in 1945.
- I didn’t go to work last Friday.
-
She washed the
dishes this morning.
-
Last year, I
traveled to China.
- I waited two hours for her.
-
Did she leave
home early?
- The plants died and new plants grew on top of
them. (grow- grew-grown)
- The businessmen travelled to Africa by
aeroplane and in Africa, they travelled by car.
-
The sea came
in and covered the carpet of dead plants.
- He drilled the first oil well in USA, in 1859.
-
We arrived at
two o'clock and left at ten past (= ten minutes past two).
-
About six or seven thousand years ago, someone had the good idea of using
animals to do work.
- I immediately got up, went the door and found
it locked as usual on the inside.
Zaman Uyumu:
- Water and wind could not supply enough
energy, so we began to use first coal and then
oil.
- The Titanic sank when it hit an iceberg.
(sink-sank-sunk, hit – hit –hit)
- When the police arrived, the woman was crying.
- By the time the police arrived, the woman had
already killed her husband.
-
Recent excavations in Algeria have indicated that Homo erectus resided
there between 500,000 and 750,000 years ago.
Past simple is used for completed
past actions, including past actions that lasted for some time or happened one
after another.
-
He sold cars
for two years, and then he quit his job and began to write novels.
Past simple expresses the idea
that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past
- The
founders of the American nature reversed the custom after the Revolution.
Past simple
expresses the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in
the past. Sometimes it not mentions the specific time.
-
Many people lost their
jobs because of the firm’s collapse.
A series of
Completed Actions
Past simple Tense
geçmişte yapılmış bir dizi, ardışık eylemden bahsederken kullanılır.
- I finished work, went home, had a shower and
went to bed early.
-
He arrived from the airport at 9:00, checked into the hotel at 10:00, and
met the others at 11:00.
Single Duration
Past simple tense geçmişte
başlayıp ve bitmiş olan bir eylemin ne kadar süre ile yapıldığından bahsederken
kullanılır. Eylemlerin şimdiki zamanda bir geçerliliği kalmamıştır.
-
I lived in
Istanbul for 5 years, from 1990 to 1995. ( I don’t live there anymore)
- Jane studied Chinese for 3 years.
-
We talked on
the phone for 30 minutes.
- How long did they wait for the bus?
Habits in the past, Past
simple tense geçmişte düzenli
olarak yapılan, fakat artık geçerli olmayan eylem ve davranışlardan bahsederken
kullanılır. Bu kullanım “ used to “ ile aynı anlamdadır. Bu anlatımlarda
cümlelerde genellikle "often," "usually," "never,"
"...when I was a child" or "...when I was younger" gibi
zarf yapıları yer alır.
- My father took me to the Luna Park every Sunday.
-
After Sally
ate dinner, she went to the library,
-
He played the
piano whenever he was at home.
- I cleaned my room before my mother came home.
-
He usually
worked at a restaurant after school.
- I lived with my grandparents when I was a child.
-
After the
children got home from school, they watched TV.
- I turned on the lights when I heard a strange noise.
- Before we entered the cinema, we bought the tickets.
-
When the phone
rang, I answered it.
-
When I was a
child, I lived with my grandparents.
Past Simple – Past Contiuous:
in the middle of an action
-
I saw you yesterday from the bus. Why were you using a stick? yesterday -> we use "saw"
at the time I saw
-> you were using (in the middle of an action)
- Luckily the driver saw me and stopped the
lory on time.
saw ->
stopped (one thing happened after another, at the same time)
-
Unfortunately when I arrived Ann was just leaving, so we only had time
for a few words. "I
arrived" happened in the middle of "Ann was leaving" (in the
middle of an action)
Reading Part 1:
Man discovered fire many thousands years ago. The first
time he saw was probably when a tree was struck by lightning. He soon learned
how to make fire for himself. However, man probably made his fire by rubbing
two sticks together. Fire was very important to man. He needed fire to keep
himself warm at night. He used fire to cook his food. He used fire to frighten
away enemies and wild animals. In some parts of the world he used fire to
signal messages. Red Indians, for example, used fire to make smoke signals.In
some other countries people lit fires to warn thier friends of danger. Fire was
very also used to give light. Before the invention of oil lamp, men used
burning sticks as torches.And before man discovered gas and electricity; he
hung small fires in wire baskets from posts to light the streets.One man even
used fire to tell the time .He invented a candle clock.He made a candle that
took exactly twelve hours to burn. Then he marked this candle in twevle equal
parts. He lit the candle and could tell the time by counting the number of
parts of the burning candle.But the candle clock did not always work well. If
there was a wind blowing on the candle, the flame burned too quickly.
Reading Part 2:
About three thousand years ago, there were no shops. If
you needed something, you had to make it yourself. For example, if you needed
something to wear, you had to kill an animal and get its coat. If you were a
good hunter, and had a lot of coats, you could exchange them for other things
you needed. You could get meat or fruit. This way of exchanging things is
called barter. Later on, people began to use money. They made money from thing
which would last and not go bad easily. They used stones, shells and animals’
teeth. After men had discovered metal into small bars to use copper, tin,
silver and gold. They made these metals into small bars so that they were easy
to store and carry about. Before there were banks, people kept their money
themselves. Most people hid their money in the ground. They thought that it was
the safest place to store money. About five hundred years later, people began
to make coins. They were easier to carry than metal bars. Early coins were not
flat and round but were in lumps. Usually a king or ruler of a place gave the
order to make coins. Therefore, people often put a picture of his head and his
name on one side of the coin. This side of the coin is called the head. Then
they put the date and value of the coin on the other side. This side is called
the tail. The first paper money was made by the Chinese. In the fifteenth
century, the first banks appeared in Italy. Today the banks look after our
money in a number of ways.
Meaning:
The action will happen in the
future.
Future simple is used when we decide to do something
at the time of speaking.
Structure:
You /they
/it /he /she + will + V I /we + will/shall + V
The short form of “will not” is “won’t”.
“Will” is a modal auxiliary verb.
“Will” is used to promise to do something in
the future. We use future simple with
“will” to talk about our hopes and predictions for the future. (“will” umutlar ve tahminler için kullanılır.)
“To be going to”: Gelecekte yapılacak,
özellikle yapılmasına karar verilen bir planı veya niyeti anlatmak için
kullanılır. We use “going to” to talk about future plan and intention. We also use “going to” to talk about things we do every day.
We can use the present continuous tense to talk
about future arrangements.
- We are leaving early tomorrow.
Time expressions:
tomorrow; in a few days; next
week; in 2025; in the future.
Examples:
- I think he will return next week.
-
I will
probably see him in a few days.
- We'll be home after eight.
To talk about our hopes and predictions for the
future:
- What will the cities of the future look like?
- They will be in Rome tonight.
- Will you go by bus? No, I think I will
go on foot.
- You will have time to help me tomorrow.
- Will you finish your work by four o'clock?
-
Do you think
that he will recognize me?
-
You will be
able to drive after five another lessons.
- I wonder how many of us still will/shall be
here next year. (how many of us = we)
-
She will not be well enough to work in the foreseeable future (= during
the period of time when you know what is going to happen).
- Observation will usually raise specific
questions in the mind of a scientist.
To offer or ask to do something, to offer the
future certainly happenings:
- Will you eat some spinach? (to ask or offer)
- He will lend it to you if you ask him.
-
Today you will
have to speak to him.
To promise to do something:
- The management won’t be responsible for
articles left on the seats.
-
Don’t worry! I
will call you as soon as I arrive at the airport.
- Thank you for lending me the money. I will
pay it back on Friday. I promise!
- I promise I will not tell him about the
surprise birthday party.
To express a voluntary action / willingness:
Kişilerin bir eylemi başkası
için gönüllü olarak, kendi istekleri ile yapmaları, bir yardım isteğine ya da
ihtiyacına karşılık vermeleri üzerine olan durumlar “will” ile ifade edilir. Bu
amlamda “be going to” yapısı kullanılmaz. Aşağıdaki cümlelerdeki eylemler
planlanmış gelecek zaman eylemleri değillerdir.
-
I'm really
hungry. I'll make some sandwiches.
- These bags are so heavy! I'll help you.
- The phone is ringing. I'll get it.
Gelecekte olacağını
düşündüğümüz bir eylemden bahsederken, başka bir deyişle, tahminler yaparken,
“will” ya da “be going to” kullanılabilir.
-
The weather
reports say it will be sunny tomorrow.
- Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain.
- Be careful. You will hurt yourself!
-
She is
studying hard. She is going to pass the exam.
Gelecekte yapılacak, olacak, özellikle yapılmasına karar verilen ya
da olacak olan bir hareketi anlatmak için kullanılır.
-
We're strong
and we're going to stay very strong.
-
You have
bought a lot of paint. Are you going to redecorate your kitchen?
- They are going to visit us next weekend.
- It is going to be a warm day tomorrow.
- Are you going to go home after work? (future
plan)
- Where are you going to be next week? (future plan)
-
I am tired of
taking the bus to work. I am going to buy a car as soon as possible.
- I bought some paint this morning. I am going
to paint the garage tomorrow.
-
I am going to
start making dinner before my wife gets home from work today.
- We are going to wait here until Jessica comes.
- When they get to the hotel, they are going to
jump into the swimming pool.
“Intend, plan and hope” fiilleri,
gelecekte yapacağımız eylemler için şu andaki düşüncelerimizi ifade ederler. Bu
fiiler future tense ile asla kullanılmazlar. Bu anlamı zaten taşırlar.
-
I intend to go
to Bodrum.
I am intending
to go to Bodrum. (Incorrect: I will intend to go to Bodrum)
- I’m planning to buy another car this year.
I plan to buy
another car this year. (Incorrect: I will plan to buy another car this year.)
The simple present gelecekte belirli bir takvim ya da zaman tablosuna bağlı olarak düzenli olarak
yapılmakta olan eylemlerden bahasederken kullanılır. Simple present ‘in gelecek
zaman ifadelerinde oldukça sınırlı sayıda fiil lullanılır: arrive, leave,
start, begin, end, finish, open, close, be.
-
The bus leaves
the station at 7:45 tomorrow morning.
-
The semester
ends in two more weeks.
- His new job starts next Friday.
Geleceğe yönelik kesin bir
plan, karar ya da niyet belirten cümlelerde present continuous tense
kulanılabilir. “Go, come, arrive, stay, leave” fiiler kesin planları ifade eder
present continuous tense’in gelecek zaman ifadelerinde sıklıkla kullanılır. We can use the present continuous tense to
talk about future arrangements.
-
Are you
leaving home tomorrow? He is arriving on Sunday.
My brother is coming next week.
-
Bill is coming
to the meeting tomorrow. (Bill is going to come to the meeting tomorrow.)
- They are playing football this afternoon.
(They are going to play football this afternoon.)
- I am leaving home tomorrow morning. (I am
going to leave home tomorrow morning.)
- Where are you meeting them?
- I am meeting them at midnight in the middle
of the wood.
-
What time are
we meeting? (It is not used as “What time will we meet?”)
Gelecekte planlanmış seyahat
ifadelerinde kullanılan “fly, walk, ride, drive, take (a taxi, a bus etc.)”
gibi fiiller de present continuous tense’de kullanılırlar.
-
I am flying on Monday.
- I am taking Helen to the dance tonight.
- We are flying to Istanbul tonight. (We are
going to fly to Istanbul tomorrow.)
Using
“present continuous” descibes situations already decided.
- She is
coming back on Monday.
Note: “Remember” is
not normally used in “the present continuous”.
Zaman cümleciklerinde, ifade edilen zaman kavramı gelecek
zaman olsa dahi, her zaman simple present tense kullanılır; future tense asla
kullanılmaz.
-
Before Mary goes to school tomorrow, she will
eat breakfast.
Incorrect: Before Mary will go to school tomorrow,
she will eat breakfast.
- After I
eat dinner tonight, I will do my homework.
Incorrect: After I will eat dinner tonight, I will
do my homework
We make the
Present Continuous with the present form of
the verb “be” and “_ing” form of the verb.
V+ing: cry crying, start
starting
n ànn, t à tt, etc. begin beginning, forget forgetting, swim swimming
e à
“e” eki kalkar “ing” eki gelir. decide
deciding, dance dacing, come coming ie:
“ie” eki kalkar “ying” eki gelir. die dying, tie tying
- Most of them are swimming, but one ore two of
them aren’t swimming.
- A group of people are playing volleyball on
the beach.
The action is going on right now.
When we talk about what is happening now, we use the present continuous.
We use the Present Continuos to talk about tempoarary events in the present. We
also use the Present Continuos to talk
about what is happening at this moment. Sözün söylendiği anda yapılmakta olan
bir hareketi anlatmak için kullanılır.
Time expressions: now; right
now; at the moment.
- I'm writing a letter at the moment.
- Are you reading a book now?
- Look! He is playing the piano.
-
Is she not
swimming in the river?
-
They aren’t
eating lunch now.
- We are counting the Money carefully.
-
The children
are playing in the garden at the moment.
-
Sam is working
at this office right now.
- The moon is shining tonight.
-
She is cooking
lunch in the kitchen now.
- I am practicing my English at the moment.
Using present continuous tense
for future
“What are you doing this
summer?” is an example of the present continuous tense used to talk
about a future arrangement. Present continuous can replace the simple future
with the meaning "preplanned action".
-
My cousin
Veronica is studying to be a veterinary.
-
It's going to
be a great match.
- I am meeting some friends after work.
-
We are going
to the cinema tonight.
-
Are you
coming? I am flying to Istanbul tomorrow morning.
- Are you visiting your grandparents next week?
-
Your friend’s son is getting married. You have been invited to the
wedding, which will take place on the very day you are going abroad on urgent
business that cannot be postponed.
The action is going on at the present period of
time (but not at the moment of speaking).
Time expressions: now; at
present; today; this year.
- She is writing a new novel now.
- He is studying German this year.
-
The levels of
pollution in the atmosphere are increasing.
- At a panel, you are discussing with another
colleague the uses and abuses of nuclear power.
- Amazon is doing great damage to tax paying
retailers.
Using Present Simple Sense for Present Continuous Tense
- I hear a noise now.
- I like your
composition.
-
Only she knows
the answer.
- I see what you mean.
-
I understand you.
- He desires to live in a small house by the sea.
Present continuous tense ile kullanılmayan
fiiller
Stative verbs "agree, belive, deserve, doubt, expect, forget, hate,
hear, imagine, know, like, look, love, mean, prefer, realize, remember, see,
seem, suppose, think, understand, remember, want", etc., are generally not
used in the continuous tenses.
-
I can not
imagine that we are together again.
-
She doesn’t
remember what she did yesterday.
-
In my opinion /I think they didn’t deserve prize as they didn’t play
fairly. (In my opinion: bence)
- I expected to attend/ join this meeting with
my boss.
- I realized that I had forgotten to lock to door.
Past
continuous: [was/were + present participle(Ving)]
We use the past continuous
for actions that continued while other events happened.
The
action was going on when another past action happened or at some point of time
in the past. Geçmişte bir hareket
bittiğinde (The Past simple tense) devam edmekte
olan diğer hareketi veya bir süre aynı zamanda devam etmiş olan hareketleri
anlatmak için kullanılır. We can also
connect the past continuous and Past simple together by using the words “when,
while, and as.”
Time expressions: while; when;
at five o'clock yesterday.
-
When he came
in, I was reading a letter.
-
We were
watching TV at three o'clock yesterday.
-
When I was taking a bath, the telephone
rang. The telephone rang when I was taking a bath.
-
While I was taking a bath, the telephone
rang. The telephone rang while I was taking a bath.
-
As I was taking a bath, the telephone rang.
The telephone rang as I was taking a bath.
- While I was walking down the street, I saw an
old friend of mine.
-
I was working
when they came.
- It was raining when I got up.
- I took another cake while you weren’t looking
here. (take – took – taken)
-
They were
playing while we were working.
- Weren’t you sleeping when I got home.
(get-got – got(gotten))
- John Lennon died while he was living in New
York. (live-living)
-
I met Andrew
while studying History at the Sorbonne. (meet-met-met)
- It was past midnight when we got home.
-
It was snowing
when the accident happened.
-
I took my car
to the mechanic yesterday because it wasn’t working properly.
- What were you doing the bell rang? (ring-rang-rung)
-
It was late at
night when we finally arrived.
Past simple is used instead of
the past continuous with stative verbs.
- She looked tired when I saw her at the party yesterday.
Meaning:
The action will
be going on when another future action happens or at some point of time in the
future.
Structure:
“will be + Ving”; “shall be + Ving”
Using “will be + Ving”
to say someboby will be in the middle of doing something. It often used with “at”, “this time tomorrow, next week…”
Time expressions:
at this time next year; when.
Gelecekte
devam edecek eylemlerde Future Continuous kullanılır.
- He'll be sleeping at two o'clock.
- When you come to the library, I'll be sitting
by the central window.
-
There is going
to be a bus strike. Everyone will be walking to work next.
-
This is my last year at this university. This time next year, I will be
working in a bank. If you work in a bank, you will have a compliance department.
- Don’t call me between seven and eight. I will
be having dinner then.
- We will be playing football at this time
tomorrow evening.
-
When you are
in Australia, will you be staying with friends?
- At four thirty on Tuesday afternoon I will be
signing the contract.
-
She will be
washing all day tomorrow.
Gelecekte mormal olarak
gerçekleşmesi beklenen, ya da gerçekleşecek eylemler için kullanılır.
-
Tomorrow at 7
a.m. I will be seeing my boss.
-
I will be
seeing Jim at the club next Thursday.
- I'll be going into town this afternoon, is
there anything you want from the shops
-
Will you be
using the car tomorrow? - No, you can take it.
-
I'll be seeing
Jane this evening - I'll give her the message.
- We are sorry, but we won’t be coming to the meeting.
Soru yapısında, özellikle “
you” ile kullanıldığında, basit bir bilgi sorusunu davetten ayırmak için
kullanılır.
-
Will you be
coming to the party tonight? (= request for information)
-
Will you come
to the party? (= invitation)
- Will you be bringing your friend to the pub tonight?
- Will Alan be coming with us?
-
Where will
they be spending their holiday.
Birinin gelecekteki eylem ya da hislerini tarif
etmek için kullanılır.
- You'll be feeling thirsty after working in
the sun.
-
He'll be
coming to the meeting, I expect.
- You'll be missing the sunshine when you're
back in England.
-
If you come in
the evening we will be finishing our work.
“Present perfect tense”,
geçmişte, belirsiz bir zamanda, yapılmış ya da hiç yapılmamış bir eylemi ifade
ederken kullanılır. Eylemlerin
ne zaman yapıldığı Present Perfect Tense’de önemli değildir. Zaman aralığı belirtilebilir.
Ayrıca geçmişte başlamış etkisi
devam eden cümlelerde kullanılır. Eğer geçmişte belirli bir zaman belirtilmesi
gerekirse, ya da eylemin ne zaman yapıldığı belirtilmek istenirse, Past
simple Tense kullanılır. We can use the present perfect to talk
about recent completed actions.
Structure:: have /has + V3 (Verb past participle)
Time
expressions: by now: şu ana dek; so far:
şimdiye kadar; never: asla; ever: her zaman; several times; since: den beri; lately:
son zamanlarda, geçenlerde.
Kullanılan
“verb tense” göre cümlenin anlamı değişir:
- My mother has done a lot for me. Annem benim
için çok şey yapmıştır. (= annem hayatta)
- My mother did a lot for me. Annem benim için
çok şey yaptı. (= annem hayatta değil)
Present perfect tense çok
kısa bir süre önce tamamlanmış, geçerliliğini hala koruyan eylemleri ifade
etmek için kullanılır:
-
I have just
eaten a sandwich. ( I am not hungry now)
-
The robbers
have been put into the prison. (They are in prison now.)
- I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding.
-
They have just
come. (come-came-come)
- My boss has gone to London. (He is there now)
- She has written two letters today.
- I have washed the car. (It is clean now!)
-
I have read
that book.
Bahsedilen zaman dilimi henüz bitmemiş ise present perfect tense
kullanılır:
- It has rained a lot this year.
- Jane hasn’t called me today.
-
My grandfather
has written many novels. (He is still alive and writing novels)
-
I haven’t seen
Tom this morning. (It’s still this morning)
- What have you done this morning?
Reporting how things have developed by now.
-
Recent excavations in Algeria have indicated that Homo erectus resided
there between 500,000 and 750,000 years ago.
- He has admitted accepting bribes. Rüşvet
aldığını itiraf etti.
-
Have you
decided in which sector you will look for a job when you graduate?
-
American officials have ordered some overseas airports with direct
flights to the US to intensify screening of electronic devices.
- This man has got the hardest job in the world.
Present perfect tense is used instead of the
present perfect continuous with stative verbs.
- She has known them for six years.
- She has loved him all her life.
“Present perfect tense”
geçmiş ve şimdiki zaman arasında, kesin zamanlar belirtmeksizin, tekrarlanmış
olan eylemlerden bahsederken kullanılır.
- I have seen that film three times. (see-saw-seen)
- How many times have you been to France?
-
I have met
many new friends since I came here.
- The telephone has rung six times since this morning.
- The scientists have made many important
inventions since 1900’s.
This is the first /second /third … gibi ifadelerle kullanılır:
Present perfect tense can be
used to describe the experience (the first/the most...that...)
- This is the third time that I have lost my
keys. Bu, anahtarlarımı üçüncü kaybedişim.
-
This is the fourth that hamburger you have eaten this evening. Bu, bu
akşam yediğin dördüncü hamburger.
Sıfatların en üstünlük dereceleriyle kullanılır:
- You are the most beautiful girl I have ever
met. Sen, hayatımda tanıdığım en güzel kızsın.
- This is the highest building I have ever
seen. Bu, hayatımda gördüğüm en yüksek bina.
“Have /has gone” özellikle
“I” ve “we” ile kullanılmaz. Amerikalılar kullanır. İngilizlerin kullanmayışındaki sebep şudur:
-
I have gone to Ankara. Biz Ankara’ya gittik. Bu cümle yanlıştır. Çünkü şu
anda öznenin hala Ankara’da olması gerekirdi. Eğer ben ya da biz özneleri hala
Ankara’da isek, şimdi burada olup nasıl konuşabiliriz. Bu yüzden “gone” “I” ve
“we” ile kullanılmıyor, bunun yerine been kullanılır.
I/We
have been to Ankara. (Ankara’da bulundum/bulunduk.) yazılır.
- He has gone to Ankara. Bu cümlede özne
Ankara’ya gitmiştir ve hala da Ankara’dadır.
He
has been to Ankara. Bu cümlede ise özne şu anda Ankara’da değildir ama
Ankara’ya gitmiştir. Yani Ankara’yı bilir demektir.
The action has lasted for some time by now. Time
expressions: for a year; since; lately. “For”
ve “since” ile kullanıldığında present perfect tense geçmişte başlayıp içinde
bulunduğumuz ana kadar devem etmekte olan bir eylemden bahseder. Present
perfect may replace the present perfect
continuous “for” the action that has lasted for some time by now.
“Since”, bir saat, gün, ay, yıl ya da
geçmişte tamamlanmış bir eylem gibi, geçmiş zaman referansları veren zarf ya da
zarf cümlecikleri ile kullanılır.
Since +
Friday /June /1998 / the beginning of this semester /yesterday /last week.
Since + Past simple Tense
Examples:
- He has
lived here since 1995.
- You have changed since I saw you last.
-
Only a small number of survivors have been rescued by the merergency
services since building collapsed.
- I haven’t seen my uncle since 1990.
-
I have been
here since 9 o’clock.
- I have liked science-fiction films ever
since I was a child.
-
My father has
not smiled ever since my mother died.
- I have had this old car since 1990.
-
Alex has not
eaten anything since breakfast.
-
Roger and I
have known each other since last January.
- Jane has worn her new blue jeans only twice
since she bought them.
-
Since she went to Japan,
her father has not heard from her.
- I have met so many people since I came to
this town last year.
“For” and “Present Perfect Tense”:
“For”, Present Perfect Tense ile
kullanıldığıda, bir eylemin geçmişte başlayıp, şu ana kadar devam etmekte
olduğunu ifade eder.
“For” ile birlikte two minutes, three hours,
four days, five years gibi zamanın uzunluğunu ifade eden yapılar kullanılır. For + a Length
of time: for ten minutes, for three hours, for ten days, for about eight years,
for several weeks, for many years, for a long time, years.
Examples:
- We have worked here for five years.
- I have had this old car for 10 years.
-
They have been
married for 25 years.
-
Janet has been
very busy with the new project for the last three months.
- Men have also used fire for thousands of
years, but only for heatings, like iron.
-
I have had
this old car for 10 years.
-
Alex has not
eaten anything for 8 hours.
- Roger and I have known each other for a year.
-
Tom has worked
on this project for a long time.
- Jane has not worn her new blue jeans for five months.
-
For decade fuel cells have powered spacecraft and other specialized
machinery, but their spread has been limited by cost and efficiency problems.
-
He has worked in this
company for ten years.
The action has
just ended. Time expressions: already; just; yet.
Just: Biraz
önce, az önce. Just eylemin daha çok
kıza bir süre önce tamamlanığını, henüz olduğunu ifade etmek için kullanılır.
-
I have just
seen him.
- No, thanks. I have just eaten a sandwich.
-
They have just
gone out.
- Mr. Green has just called you.
-
I’ve just
received a letter. Az önce bir mektup aldım.
- She has just gone out. Biraz önce dışarı çıktı.
“Yet” bir eylemin şu ana kadar henüz
yapılmamış olduğunu, ama gelelecekte yapılabileceğini ya da olabileceğini ifade
etmek için kullanılır. Present perfect tense’de, cümle sonunda kullanılır.
-
It’s 2:00 pm
and I am very hungry. I haven’t eaten lunch
yet.
- Hasn’t he gone yet? (go-went-gone)
- Has he arrived yet?
-
Have you had
breakfast yet?
- She hasn’t bought a car yet.
- Have you ever eaten at that restaurant yet?
“Yet”, esas
fiilin önünde de kullanılabilir.
-
It is the most bloody war man has yet seen. İnsanoğlunun
şimdiye kadar gördüğü en kanlı savaş.
Yet bağlaç olarak da
kullanılabilir. However, still, neverthless, nonethless, yet: yine de. He
studied. Yet,
Note: It is
yet to be seen: Zamanla görülecek, henüz görülmedi.
We use the present perfect with “ever/never” to talk about
experience at some time in the past. “Ever and never” go before the past
participle in a sentence. You can use 'ever' with the present simple.
'Ever' and 'never' are adverbs. 'Ever' and 'never' are not adjectives.
Ever: A word
meaning at any time: used mostly in questions, negatives, comparisons, or sentences with “if”. We often use the present perfect with
“ever” to talk about events which happened at an indefinite in the
past.
We often use “ever”
in questions about experiences.
- Have you ever been to Turkey?
- Has she ever met John?
Olumsuz sorularda:
- Haven’t they ever been to Turkey?
-
Hasn’t she
ever met John?
Olumsuz yapılarda: nothing .......ever, nobody................. ever.
- Nobody has ever climbed to that mountain before.
-
Nothing has
ever been said to us.
“the first time........................ ”
gibi yapılarda:
- This is the first time I have ever eaten Thai food.
-
It’s the first
time I have ever been to England.
Superlative yapılarda:
- Helen is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.
- Istanbul is the most beautiful city I have
ever been to?
Never: Never “daha önce hiç........................... ”
anlamında kullanılır. Never olumsuz bir “zarf” tır ve not ile birlikte
kullanılmamalıdır.
- I have never eaten caviar.
-
She has never
failed any exams.
-
I have never
seen such a big building. (All my life)
Already bir eylemin hali hazırda
(beklenenden önce) yapılmış olduğunu ve artık yapılmasının gereksiz olduğunu
ifade etmek içim kullanılır.
-
You don’t need
to go to the post office. I have already posted the letters.
-
Don’t take the
car to the mechanic. I have already fixed it.
- Have you already finished your homework?
- I have seen that movie already.
-
I have already
cleaned it. Temizledim bile (Şimdiye kalır mı?)
- He has already done it.
Recently, lately, before: son günlerde, son
zamanlarda
- There has been a lot of disturbance recently.
Son günlerde ülkede çok kargaşa oluyor.
-
The architects have built several buildings lately. Mimarlar son
zamanlarda birkaç bina yaptılar.
- I think I have seen that girl before.
Up to the present, till now, so far, up till now,
until now: şimdiye kadar
- She has done great work up to now.
- Nobody has cleaned this room up to the
present. Şimdiye kadar bu odayı kimse temizlemedi.
- They have watered seven fields so far.
Şimdiye kadar yedi tarla suladılar.
-
The patient
has only drunk water till now. Hasta şimdiye kadar sadece su içti.
- Don’t get off the buss until it has stopped.
Meaning: The action happened before
another past action or before some point of time in the past.
Time expressions: by the time; before; after; by 1998; by
yesterday; by last Sunday.
Unspecific
expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so
far, already, yet...
•
Structure: Before /When Past
Simple, Past Perfect. Past Perfect: Subject + had + past participle
• Structure:
S+ had + (ever/never...) + PP+ (since/for...)
It can also
show that something happened before a specific time in the past (by the time we
got to the airport).
-
When they
arrived the film had already begun.
-
Alexander
Graham Bell had already invented the telephone by the time I was born.
- By the time we got to the airport, our plane
had already left.
The Past
Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred (past perfect) before
another action in the past (Past simple).
-
I didn’t
recognise him. He had changed a lot.
-
Her eyes were
red. She had been crying.
- The house was dirty. She hadn’t cleaned it
for ages.
- When Sam was born, I had been a doctor for 10 years.
- William turned up late because he had missed
the bus.
-
This morning’s earthquake was one of the most severe that we had
experienced for the past twenty years.
-
I noticed that he hadn’t said anything all evening. (“hadn’t told”
kullanılmaz. “Told someone to something”)
- My son had already learnt how to read by the
time he started the primary school.
-
The hotel had
just been robbed by the time the police arrived.
-
His family was Jewish, but his father had converted to Protestantism in
order to be able to work as a lawyer.
-
The portrait, as it is known today, was born in the Renaissance. In fact,
portraits had existed before the Renaissance.
- Russia announced earlier this week that it
had pulled all its troops out of Georgia.
- I had read a lot about Scotland before I went there.
“By the time,” kullanıldığı
past perfect cümlelerde bir eylemin, geçmişte başka bir eylem gerçekleşmeden
öncki hali hazırda tamamlanmış olduğunu belirtmek için kullanılır.
-
By the time
Susan arrived, we had already finished the work.
- They had already eaten everything by the time
we went to the restaurant.
Past perfect may
replace the past perfect continuous for the action that lasted for some time
before another action in the past.
-
By the time he
returned, I had worked for six hours.
Before ya da
after, hangi eylemin daha önce
gerçekleştiği belli olduğu için past perfect kullanımı gereksizdir. Past
perfect yerine Past simple kullanılabilir.
-
After the
meeting (had) finished, everybody went home.
- Jack (had) left before I got to the office.
-
Before Mrs.
Green went to bed, she had taken her sleeping pill. ( or “ took her sleeping pill)
-
After the old
man (had) died, the doctor came.
Inverted clause in past perfect:
No sooner /hardly /barely...+ had (past perferct) +
S +than + Past simple
- No sooner had he seen
me than he ran away.
Meaning:
The action will
happen before another future action or before some point of time in the future.
Future Perfect Tense, bir eylemin
gelecekte belirli bir zamanda tamamlanmış olacağını ifade eder.
Future Perfect Tense,
complete, finish, retire gibi tamamlama, bitme ifade eden fiiller ile
kullanılır.
Structure:
will/shall + have +PP
“Future Perfect
Tense” yapısında he, she, it zamirlerinde “has” kullanılmaz, “have” kullanılır.
Time expressions:
It is often used with “by the time, before, by the end of
the year, at 3 o’clock, by 3 O’clock, before 3 O’clock, by next June, by this
time next week, by tomorrow, by next Monday, by 2035.
Examples:
- By the time I get there, she will have left.
-
By 2050,
scientists will have found the cure for cancer.
- I will have finished the project by the time
you arrive at the office tomorrow morning.
-
She will have
prepared the dinner by the time we get home.
- The scientists will have found the cure for
cancer by 2030.
-
Efficient and reliable strategies for flood protection and prevention on the one hand, and irrigation
and fair water distribution on the other hand, will have to be developed.
-
The students will not have been taught anything by the end of
the term if the teacher goes on like this.
- By the end of 2004 the rate of unemployment
will have risen by %10.
- By that time next month all the daffodils
will have died.
- On 3 May the expedition will have covered
about 400 km.
Bazen the Future
Perfect ve the Future Perfect
Continuous, aşağıdaki örneklerde olduğu gibi aynı anlama gelir. Her iki zamanda da
belirtilen aktivitenin, gemişte başlamış olabileceğini de unutmayınız.
- When Mr. Lane retires next month, he will have worked for our
company for 40 years.
- When
Mr. Lane retires next month, he will have been working for our company for 40 years.
Future
Perfect tense expresses the idea that something will occur before another
action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a
specific time in the future.
-
When you are
my age you will have known all about this.
Expresses
the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can
also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future
-
I will be back
by 6. The will have finished by then.
- By the time the children come I will have
made the beds.
- Next week they will have been married for 10 years.
The Present
Perfect Continuous Tense indicates the duration of an activity that began in
the past and continuous to the present.
Time
expressions: for an hour; for a week; for five years; all day; since, for, all
morning, all day, all week, etc.”
-
I have been
living in Ankara for 10 years.
-
It has been
raining all day.
- I have been working on this project for more
than two year.
-
The children
have been playing in the garden since morning.
- How long has she been driving? She looks
tired.
-
I have been
living in this city since 1987.
- He hasn’t been studying for two hours.
- You haven’t been doing anything since morning.
-
We have been
using more and more coal and oil during the last one hundred and fifty years.
The action has lasted for some time by now and is still
going on.
- He has been sleeping for two hours already.
-
She has been
working as a teacher since she graduated from
college.
- How long have you been waiting here?
-
I have been
working in this garage as a car mechanic for 15 years.
The action has been going on lately.
- All of them have been working very hard lately.
- I have been thinking about starting my own business.
- We have just been talking about you.
Present perfect continuous is
often used without time expressions.
- It has been raining hard, and the ground is
still wet.
When the
present perfect continuous tense is used without any specific mention of time,
it indicates a general activity in progress recently, lately.
-
My wife has
been thinking about changing her car.
- The students have been studying hard. The
final exams start next week.
-
Tom’s clothes
look very dirty. He has been painting the house.
Present
perfect tense,on the other hand, is used to express duration of an activity
happening . It mostly answers the
question “how often”?
-
I have been
running for two hours. I am very tired now.
-
She has been
sleeping since 8:00. She worked hard yesterday.
If it is
important to express the duration and the activity itself, Present Perfect
Continuous Tense is used.
-
I have cleaned
the room. It’s clear now. I have been cleaning the room since morning.
-
I have read 50 pages of this novel. It’s very exciting. I have been
reading this novel for a week. It’s very exciting.
With certain
verbs such as live, work, and teach, there is little or no difference in
meaning between the two tenses when since or for is used
-
I have lived
here since 1990. or I have ben living here since 1990.
-
She has worked at the same company for five years. / She has been working
at the same company for five years.
Note: Be careful about the non-progressive verbs, which cannot be used in
continuous tenses.
Correct: I have known Jim for ten years. Incorrect: I have known Jim
for ten years.
Stative verbs
"know, understand, remember, like, love, hate, want, see, hear, seem,
look", etc., are generally not used in the continuous tenses.
Meaning: The action lasted for some time
before another past action or before some point of time in the past.
Time expressions: by the time; before; after;
by yesterday; by 2005; for two hours; for a long time.
-
By the time he
returned, I had been working for six hours.
- By 2006, he had been living there for twenty years.
Note: Past perfect is used instead of the past perfect continuous
with stative verbs.
- Example: She had known him for five years by
the time they got married.
Structure: S+ had + been +V_ing
The
Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action
in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time
in the past ( before the Second World War).
-
The passengers at the bus stop were very angry. They had been waiting for
the bus for 45 minutes.
-
Experiments in the sonic imaging of moving objects had been conducted
in both of United States and Europe well before the Second World War.
-
When Mr Snowden fled the US, he had been working as a technician for Booz
Allen, a giant government contractor for the National Security Agency.
- The detectives had been searching for the
murderer for a long time before they arrested
him.
- He had only been studying French for two
years before he got the job
-
My father had
been working for that company before it finaly went bankrupt.
Past
perfect continuous geçmişte zaman olarak yakın başka bir eylemden
önce gerçekleşmekte olan bir eylemden
bahsederken de kullanılabilir.
-
John was out
of breath when he came in. He had been jogging.
- When I saw Mary, her eyes were red. She had
been crying.
-
Brian gained
overweight because he had been overeating.
Show that something started in
the past and continued up until another time in the past.
- The Titanic had been lying on the sea bed for
70 years when they found it.
- Luke had been serving in the Navy for six
months when he had the accident.
- They had been planting trees all afternoon
when I saw them.
- The lonely couple had been wanting a son for
a long time.
Past
Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show
cause and effect.
-
We all knew he had been drinking whisky again. He stank. [Stink: pis
kokmak, iğrenç kokmak]
Meaning:
The Future
Perfect Continuous is used to show that something will continue up until a
particular event (by next week) or time in the future.
Structure:
Future perfect continous: [will have been + present
participle]
Time
expressions:
by the time; by 2030; before; for two hours, for
five minutes, for two weeks, since Friday.
Future Perfect Continuous has two different forms:
"Will have been doing
" and "be going to have been doing."
Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous
and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the
duration stops at or before a reference point in the future.
- By the
time he returns, I will have been working for nine hours.
- By
2025, he will have been living here for fifty
years.
-
How long will you you have been working there
by next time?
- Next January I’ll have been learning French for
three years.
- Are you going to have been waiting for more
than two hours when her plane finally arrives?
- They will have been talking for over an hour
by the time Thomas arrives.
- She is going to have been working at that
company for three years when it finally closes.
-
How long will
you have been studying when you graduate?
- We are going to have been driving for over
three days straight when we get to Anchorage.
Using the Future
Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to show
cause and effect.
-
Jason will be
tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour.
-
Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she
is going to have been studying English in the United States for over two years.
The Future Perfect
Continuous “learn, lie, live rain, sit, wait and work” gibi, devamlılık ifade
eden fiilerle kullanıldığında, şu anda devam etmekte olan eylemin, gelecekte de
devam ediyor olacağını da ifade eder.
-
I will have
been working for four hours by the time Pam gets to the office.
(Future tense: I will start working at 10am.
Pam will get to the office at 2 pm.)
- We will have been waiting for them for 30
minutes by the time we arrive at the airport.
-
I was born in
1975 and it is 2001 now. By 2040, I will have been living for 65 years.
If you do not include duration such as "for five minutes,"
"for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers
choose to use the Future Continuous rather than the Future Perfect Continuous.
Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Future
Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Future Perfect Continuous
emphasizes duration of time before something in the future. Study the examples
below to understand the difference.
-
He will be
tired because he will be exercising so hard.
(This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will be
exercising at that exact moment in the future.)
-
He will be
tired because he will have been exercising so
hard.
(This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will have been
exercising for a period of time. It is possible that he will still be
exercising at that moment OR that he will just have finished.)
Like
all future forms, the Future Perfect Continuous cannot be used in clauses
beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the
time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect Continuous,
Present Perfect Continuous is used.
-
You won't get a promotion until you will have been working here as long
as Tim. Not Correct You won't get a
promotion until you have been working here as long as Tim. Correct
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in
any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs
cannot be used in continuous tenses.
Instead of using Future Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use
Future Perfect.
-
Ned will have
been having his driver's license for over two years. (Not Correct)
Ned will have
had his driver's license for over two years. (Correct)
The placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,
only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
- Will you only have been waiting for a few
minutes when her plane arrives?
Are you only
going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives?
