Adverbs
The only morphological changes English adverbs undergo is in the case of adverbs of manner derived from adjectives. In the same way that CATALAN produces these adverbs adding the suffix -ment to the feminine form of adjectives, English adds the suffix -ly. Examples:
|
Adverbs formed
with -ly |
||
|
awful → awfully bad → badly |
calm → calmly quick → quickly |
slow → slowly |
The morphological rules are as follows:
The final silent e is
not dropped, except in the case of adjectives ending in consonant
+ le, in which case the -le is replaced by -ly. Examples:
|
Adverbs formed with -ly (adjectives ending in –e) |
||
|
brave → bravely close → closely false → falsely |
loose → loosely polite → politely safe → safely |
able → ably simple → simply |
Exceptions:
due → duly true → truly
whole → wholly
The suffix -ally is added to adjectives ending in -ic. Examples:
|
Adverbs formed
with -ally |
||
|
basic →
basically |
economic → economically |
fanatic → fanatically |
Exception:
public → publicly
If the adjective ends in consonant + y, the y is usually
replaced by i before adding the
-ly suffix.
Examples:
|
Adverbs formed
with -ily |
||
|
angry → angrily |
easy →
easily |
happy → happily |
Exceptions:
shy → shyly spry → spryly wry → wryly
Finally, English adverbs of manner can also be derived
from adjectives ending in -ed
and -ing. Examples:
|
Adverbs formed
with -ly (adjectives ending in -ed) |
||
|
admitted → admittedly alleged
→ allegedly belated → belatedly |
half-hearted → half-heartedly pointed → pointedly repeated → repeatedly |
wholehearted → wholeheartedly |
|
Adverbs formed
with -ly (adjectives ending in -ing) |
||
|
alarming → alarmingly amazing
→ amazingly |
cunning → cunningly grudging
→ grudgingly |
joking → jokingly knowing → knowingly |
