The subject is placed before the verb, and the object is placed after the verb. Adverbial modifiers are placed after the object, and adjectives are placed before their nouns.
Basic sentence
structure:
Subject +
Verb / Predicate + Object + Complement + Time + Place + Purpose. S + Auxiliary
Verb + V + O + C + adverb + adverb of place + adverb of time.
-
We are not
going to buy a new house this summer.
Noun sentence: isim cümlesi, içerisinde fiil olmayan:
Subject + be + Object + Time + Place + Purpose.
be: yardımcı fiil, ek
fiil.
·
Am, is are;
·
was, were;
·
will be;
·
have, has;
·
had to;
·
can be, may be; could be, would be;
·
have /has been, could have been.
Verb sentence:
S + V + adj
+ adv + Object + Time + Place + Purpose.
S + V: The bomb exploded.
S + Verb /Predicate + Object: He broke the window.
S + V + O + adv: He
drove the car fast.
S + to be + adj: We
will be late and we will miss the bus.
S + to be + C :
- Life is mysterious.
- He is a student.
Explanation:
- We use sentences to express ourselves
clearly. (Active)
- Sentences are used to express ourselves
clearly. (Passive)
- Sentences are used to understand what others
have expressed. (Passive, Noun Clause)
- Kapının önünde bekleyen adamın arabası çalındı.
The car of the
man waiting in front of the door was stolen.
The car of the
man who is waiting in front of the door was stolen.
Zaman:
·
Present (am, is are; have /has been),
·
Past: was, were, had been
·
Future (will, am/is/are going to; will have been)
Net zaman:
Am,is are; was, were; will be, am/is/are going to. bugün,
dün, Nisan’da, 1960’da.
Süren zaman:
Have /has
been, will have been. dünden beri, 1960’dan
beri, uzun süredir, yarın sabah itibarı ile, seni tanıdığımdan beri.
|
|
Net Zaman |
Süren Zaman |
|
Present |
am, is, are |
have /has been |
|
Past |
was, were |
had been |
|
Future |
will be, am /is /are going
to |
will have been |
Örnek:
I … happy today. Ben bu gün
mutluyum. (am)
I … happy yesterday. Ben dün
mutluydum. (was)
I … happy in a week. Ben bir hafta içinde mutlu olacağım. (will be) I … happy for
ten days. Ben 10 gündür mutluydum. (had been)
I … happy when I came to you. Ben size geldiÄŸimden beri mutluydum. (had been) I … happy since I saw you. Ben
seni gördüğümden beri mutluyum. (have been)
I … happy for a 20 days by tomorrow. Ben yarın itibarı ile 20 gündür mutlu olacağım. (will have been)
Purpose: …mek
için, …mak için (“Ne için?” sorusuna yanıt aranır.
To V1
So as to
In an
effort to In an attempt to
Noun,
Noun Phrase, Ving, adjective clauses are used as the subjects of sentences.
Subject is typically a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun. Subject is placed at the
beginning of the sentence and is usually expressed by a noun, noun phrase or a
pronoun. The subject group may include an article and an attribute. You can
find the subject of a sentence if you can find the verb.
Açıklama:
Öznenin yanında görülen her fiil yüklemdir. Lakin ismin yanında gördüğün her “V3
ve Ving” fiil olmaz. Kısaltma yapma görevi vardır.
milk drunk (noun + V3: passive): milk
which is drunk : içilen süt
The
boy who is living in the village : The boy living in the village (noun + Ving:
active): köyde yaşayan çocuk.
Yaygın özne
biçimleri:
· Noun :
-
Ankara is the
capital of Turkey.
-
Monkeys like bananas.
- Tom and Anna live in Boston.
-
The
dictionary helps us find words.
-
The
newspapers called him as a brave man.
- Dolphins swim, frogs jump, snakes crawl, and
birds fly.
-
Birds sing,
cows moo, cats mew, and dogs bark.
- John is a car mechanic, and Mike repairs refrigerators.
- That student is from Rome.
- Mary is sleeping now.
-
I need a book,
but she doesn’t.
-
I don't have much money.
· Zamir :
-
She should
drink milk in the morning.
-
He writes short stories.
· Mastar:
-
To walk is healty.
- To eat six different kinds of vegetables a
day is healthy.
· Gerund:
-
Swimming is
useful.
- Playing basketball takes up too much of her time.
· Adjective + Noun
-
A heavy shower
fell yesterday.
- White horse came back yesterday.(Adjective +Noun)
· Ad öbeÄŸi + Ä°lgeç öbeÄŸi:
-
The girl in
the car is my sister.
· Noun Clause:
-
That he is
clever is obvious.
· Adjective clause:
-
The boy who is
running in the garden is my brother.
- The man who is sitting over there told me that he just bought a ticket to Tahiti.
· Possessive Adjective + Noun
-
His friends put his books in the national library. (Where)
-
His little
son is learning to read.
· Noun, Descriptive structure:
-
YaÅŸar Kemal,
the famous novelist, went to Paris.
· Noun + noun + noun:
-
Books, pens
and papers were scattered on the desk.
Examples:
- The history of the German occupation of
France is dirty, tragic, and
sometimes darkly comic.
-
If the cost of health benefits for working people in a country
rises, usually employers cut wages or pass on the costs as higher prices to
customers.
Bir
ülkedeki çalışan insanlar için sağlık faydalarının maliyeti artarsa,
genellikle işverenler ücretleri keser veya masrafları daha yüksek maliyetlerde
müşterilere yansıtır.
Nouns can be
direct objects. The direct object follows the verb and completes its meaning.
It answers the question “who” or
“what”.
-
Sally's family
bought a new car.
Nouns can be
indirect objects. An indirect object comes between the verb and the direct
object and tells to whom or from whom something was done.
-
She gave Sally
a big hug.
Determiner + Adv + Adj +Noun:
- This extremely interesting innovation
-
These
extremely sensitive issues
- A democratically elected government is now ruling the country.
- Incredibly beautiful women opened the door.
Example:
During
the 1990s, the country that was viewed by American leaders and many others
in the West as the most important challenge for a transition to
democracy was Russia.
Subject:
the country that was viewed by American leaders and many others in the West as
the most important challenge for a transition to democracy
Pronoun:
We use pronouns in place of
nouns and noun phrases.
• Personel
pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, you, we, they
• Object
pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, you, us, them
• Possessive:
my, your, his, her, its, your, our, their
• Reflexive:
myself, yourself, themselves
• Indefinite:
somebody, anyone, everything, etc.
Agreement of personal pronouns
If
a personal pronoun is used as a substitute for a noun in the subject (I, you,
he, she, it, we, you, they) or in the object (me, you, him, her, it, us, you,
them), the pronoun should agree with its noun in person, number and gender.
-
John is in Spain now.He will come back in a week. Maria talked to him
an hour ago.
- Lena went shopping
yesterday. She bought a nice coat. I called her in the morning.
-
This film is interesting. It is about water and its qualities. I saw it
last week.
- Alex and Vera visited us yesterday. They asked me to help them find a
new apartment.
-
I bought several new books. They are interesting. I can
give them to you, if you want to read them.
If you need to use a personal pronoun instead of a singular noun that may
refer to male and female persons, use the phrase "he, she, it" or, if
possible, restructure your sentence in the plural so that you can use
"they".
-
A student
learns best if he or she studies regularly. (acceptable use)
-
Students learn
best if they study regularly. (preferable use)
If you need to use a personal pronoun instead of an indefinite pronoun,
such as "anyone, somebody", use the phrase "he or she" or
restructure your sentence to avoid the use of personal pronouns. In informal
speech, the plural "they" may be used in such cases, which is
considered to be incorrect from the point of view of grammar.
-
Someone entered the room at night and stole the letter. He or she opened
the door with a key.
-
Someone
entered the room at night and stole the letter. The thief opened the door with
a key.
-
Someone entered the room at night and stole the letter. They opened the
door with a key. (informal use)
-
If anybody
comes while I'm absent, ask them to wait for me. (informal use)
Traditional use of "he":
In traditional
use, the masculine pronoun "he" replaced a singular noun or an
indefinite pronoun that referred to both sexes or to a person of either sex.
For example:
- A student learns best if he studies regularly.
- Someone entered the room at night, but he
didn't find the letter.
At the
present time, it is advisable to avoid such use of "he".
Åžimdiki
zamanda, "he" nin böyle kullanılmasının önlenmesi tavsiye edilir.
Agreement of
possessive pronouns:
In a
sentence, a possessive pronoun should agree in person, number and gender with
the noun or pronoun to which it refers.
Standard patterns of agreement are shown in the
examples below.
- I opened my bag. You opened your bag.
-
He opened his
bag. She opened her bag.
- It opened its eyes. (e.g., it = a bird, a
cat, a monster)
-
We opened our
bags. You opened your bags. They opened their bags.
- You and I opened our bags. You and he opened
your bags. He and she opened their bags.
-
The boy opened
his bag. The girl opened her bag. The boy and the girl opened their bags.
-
The doctor
opened his bag. (You know that the doctor is a
man.)
- The doctor opened her bag. (You know that the
doctor is a woman.)
- The doctors opened their bags.
The subject may be expressed by an indefinite
pronoun:
If the subject is expressed by an indefinite pronoun (e.g., each,
someone), the gender is not known, but it is quite possible that male and
female persons are included. The masculine pronoun "his" was traditionally
used in such cases in speech and writing: Everybody has his own opinion. Such
sentences may be misleading sometimes, and in some cases may be even considered
offensive to women. It is better to restructure such sentences in the plural so
that you can avoid using "his" when referring to men and women
together.
Traditional use:
- Each student opened his bag. Everyone opened
his bag. Each of us opened his bag.
Informal use:
- Each student opened their bag. Everyone
opened their bag. Each of us opened our bag.
Restructured sentences:
- The students opened their bags. All of them
opened their bags. All of us opened our bags.
You can also use "his or her" in such cases in the singular:
Everyone opened his or her bag. Each student opened his or her bag.
Sometimes
the subject is separated from the verb by words such as along “with, as well as, besides, or not”.
Ignore these
expressions when determining whether to use a singular or plural verb.
- The captain as well as the passengers was
frightened.
The basic rule states that a singular subject takes a singular verb,
while a plural subject takes a plural verb. The choice of the singular or
plural form of the verb depends not only on the singular or plural form of the
subject but also on the singular or plural meaning of the subject.
The
subject that is plural in form but singular in meaning (physics) takes a
singular verb. The subject that is
singular in form but plural in meaning (people) takes a plural verb.
The singular form? He talks. Therefore, “ talks” is
singular. "They talk. Therefore, “talk” is plural. “V+ing” ve “to+V”
yapıları tekildir.
The verb agrees with the subject in person and
number:
- I work.
- We /You work.
-
My brother works.
-
My brothers work.
In the past tense, main verbs (regular and irregular) use
the same verb forms for all persons:
- I worked. I
knew.
- We /You worked. We /you knew.
- My brother worked. My brother knew.
-
My brothers worked.
The verb “be”
has more forms for agreement with the subject in person and number:
- I am.
- He /She /It
is.
-
We /You /They are.
- My brother is.
- My brothers
are.
- I /He /She /It was.
- We /You /They were.
-
My brother
was.
- My brothers
were.
The subject
in the singular requires the verb in the singular. The subject in the plural
requires the verb in the plural.
-
My sister is a
doctor. She is a doctor.
- This book is interesting. It is interesting.
-
These books
are interesting. They are interesting.
- I am a teacher. You are a student. We are
teachers. You are students.
- His daughter likes cartoons. She likes cartoons.
-
His daughters
like cartoons. They like cartoons.
First find the subject and then
make the verb agree with the subject.
- Her favorite food is sandwiches. Sandwiches
are her favorite food.
- The can of olives is on the kitchen table.
The cans of olives are on the kitchen table.
-
How long have the TV’s nature documentaries been going? TV'nin
doÄŸa belgeselleri ne zamandan beri devam ediyor? For at least 40 years, I
should think.
Use a singular verb with sums
of money or periods of time.
- Ten dollars is a high price to pay.
- Five years is the maximum sentence for
that offense.
Some collective nouns are generally used with a singular verb (the
bourgeoisie, the proletariat). Some other collective nouns are generally used
with a plural verb (the police, the militia, the clergy).
-
At that time
the bourgeoisie was mostly excluded from active political life.
- The police are looking for the robbers.
Some collective nouns (family, team, committee, crew, public, board,
jury, staff) take a singular or plural verb depending on the meaning. If a
group of people is regarded as a unit, the singular form of the verb is used.
If the members of a group are regarded separately, the plural form of the verb
is used.
-
Her family is
large. Her family is rich.
- Her family are discussing this problem now.
-
The committee
has adopted the plan.
- The committee have different opinions on this issue.
-
The reading
public is dissatisfied with his latest novel.
- The public are not allowed in this section of
the museum.
- Her family members are discussing this
problem now.
-
The committee
members have different opinions on this issue.
Collective
nouns such as team and staff may be either singular or plural
depending on their use in the sentence.
-
The staff is
in a meeting. (“Staff “is acting as a unit here.)
-
The staffs are in disagreement about the findings. (“The staffs” are acting as separate individuals in this example.)
The
sentence would read even better as: The
staff members are in disagreement about the findings.
The
expression “the number “is followed by a singular verb while the expression a number is followed by a plural verb.
-
The number
of people we need to hire is thirteen.
-
A number of
people have written in about this subject.
Some nouns ending in “s/es” are plural
in form but singular in meaning, for example, news, mathematics,
physics, measles. Such nouns require a singular verb.
-
The latest
news is not very encouraging.
- Physics has always been a difficult subject
for me.
Names of
countries, organizations, companies ending in plural s/es are singular in
meaning and require a singular verb.
-
The United
States is a large country.
-
The
Netherlands is one of the most densely populated European countries.
- The United Nations was formed in 1945.
Nouns that may present a problem for language learners in terms of
agreement between the subject and the predicate (for example, sheep, deer,
fish, money, aircraft, headquarters, statistics, mumps) are described in
Irregular Plural Nouns.
If the subjects are connected by "and",
the plural form of the verb is used.
- The dictionary and the grammar book are on the writing desk.
-
Tom, Anna,
and Maria are my neighbors.
- You and he were friends
just a year ago.
-
Her doctor and
her lawyer have already left.
-
A car and a
bike are my means of transportation.
Subject (both of them) are
plural:
- Anna has got two sisters. Both of them are married.
-
Both the
newspaper and the magazine are in the desk drawer.
If the
subjects connected by "and" are regarded as a unit or an action,
the singular form of the verb is used.
-
Strawberries
and cream is my favorite dessert.
Titles of books, films, shows,
and the like are treated as singular and agree with a singular verb.
- Romeo and Juliet is a play by Shakespeare.
(But: Romeo and
Juliet are the main characters of this play.)
- The Three Musketeers is a novel by Alexandre Dumas.
(But: The Three
Musketeers are comrades of D'Artagnan, the main hero of the novel.)
Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by words such as along
with, as well as, besides, or not. Ignore these expressions when determining
whether to use a singular or plural verb.
If the
subjects are connected by "or; nor; either...or; neither...nor", the
verb agrees in number with the nearest subject.
-
Marie or her
sister is going to bring my books tomorrow morning.
- Either Tim or Mike has to stay here.
- Either the suspect or the witnesses are lying.
- Neither the refrigerator nor the stove works.
-
Neither you
nor he has the right to say such things.
- Neither the teacher nor the students were
able to explain it.
-
Neither Jenny
nor the others are available.
- My aunt or my uncle is arriving by
train today.
- Either Kiana or Casey is helping today
with stage decorations.
- The serving bowl or the plates go on
that shelf.
When “I” is one of
the two subjects connected by “either/or” or “neither /nor”, put it second and follow it with
the singular verb “am”.
-
Neither she
nor I am going to the festival.
When either and
neither are subjects, they always
take singular verbs.
- Neither of them is available to speak
right now.
- Either of us is capable of doing the job.
The pronouns “each, everyone, every one, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, and
somebody“ are singular and require singular
verbs. Do not be misled by what follows of.
- Each of the girls sings well.
- Every one of the cakes is gone.
Note: Everyone
is one word when it means everybody. Everyone is two words when the meaning is
each one.
Prepositional phrases come between a subject and its
verb:
- Everyone in the fraternity has his own
set of prejudices.
- Each of the rowers takes her turn at rowing.
-
Every one
of the fraternity members has his own set of prejudices.
- The woman in the car parked in front
of the bank across the street.
Sometimes the pronoun “who, that, which” is the subject of a verb in the middle of the sentence. The
pronouns “who, that, which” become singular or plural according to the noun directly in
front of them. So, if that noun is singular, use a singular verb. If it is
plural, use a plural verb.
-
He is the
scientist who writes the reports.
The
word in front
of who is scientist, which is
singular. Therefore, use
the singular verb writes.
-
He is one of
the men who do the work.
The word in front of who is a man, which is plural. Therefore, use the
plural verb do.
The subject is
placed after the verb in the structure "there is, there are" which is
used when you want to say “what”
is in some place.
-
There is a
table in the room. A table is in the room.
- There are two books on the table.Two
books are on the table.
- There was a car in front of the house.
A car is in front of the house.
If the compound
subject stands after the predicate expressed by "there is; there are"
(there was; there were, etc.), the verb usually agrees in number with the
nearest subject.
-
There is a book
and a newspaper on the table.
-
There is a
book, a newspaper, and two magazines on the
table.
-
There are two
magazines and a book on the table.
- There are four hurdles to jump.
-
There is
a high hurdle to jump.
-
To become a good manager requires a good theoretical background as well as practical experience.
“Percent, fraction, part, majority, some, all,
none, remainder, and so forth”
—look at the noun in your of phrase
(object of the preposition) to determine whether to use a singular or plural
verb. If the object of the preposition is singular, use a singular verb. If the
object of the preposition is plural, use a plural verb.
Examples:
- Fifty percent of the pie has disappeared. (Pie is the object of the preposition
of.)
Fifty
percent of the pies have disappeared. (Pies is the object of the
preposition.)
- One-third of the city is unemployed.
One-third of the
people are unemployed.
-
All of the pie
is gone.
All of the pies are
gone.
-
Some of the pie is missing. Some of the pies are missing.
- None of the garbage was picked up.
-
None of the
sentences were punctuated correctly.
-
Of all her
books, none have sold as well as the first one.
- All is true.
The phrases "accompanied by; as well as; along with; together with;
including" following the subject do not change the number of the subject.
They are not taken into consideration when choosing the singular or plural form
of the verb to agree with the subject.
-
The actress,
accompanied by friends and fans, is traveling in Asia now.
- The players, as well as the coach, are down
with the flu.
-
Excitement, as
well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.
- The teacher, as well as the students, is
willing to participate in the contest.
- The text of this lecture, together with
additional materials, is offered in Chapter 11.
- A list of foreign words, including foreign
proper names, is at the end of the book.
-
The
politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
•
In questions (routinely):
Have
you eaten breakfast yet? Are you ready?
•
In expletive constructions:
There
were four basic causes of the Civil War. Here is the book.
•
In attributing speech
(occasionally, but optionally):
"Help me!” cried
Farmer Brown.
•
To give prominence or focus
to a particular word or phrase by putting the predicate in the initial position:
Even more important is the chapter
dealing with ordnance.
•
When a sentence begins with
an adverb or an adverbial phrase or clause:
Seldom has so much
been owed by so many to so few.
•
In negative constructions:
I
don't believe a word she says, nor does my brother. Come to think of it,
neither does her father.
•
After so:
I believe her; so
does my brother.
•
For emphasis and literary effect:
Into the jaws of
Death, / into the mouth of Hell / Rode the six hundred.
The object is
placed after the main verb. An object is a noun or pronoun that is governed by
a verb or a preposition. Nesneler
Ä°ngilizc’de fiilden sonra gelir ve fiilin anlamını tamamlar.
S + V + O +
Place + Time + Adverb Açıklama: Adverb’in
yeri deÄŸiÅŸebilir.
Examples:
- She collects
stamps.
-
He likes reading.
- He likes to read.
-
He is waiting for
a bus.
- She gave two books to her brother.
- She asked the boy about his father.
- She made soup, salad, and roast beef for dinner.
Adjectives:
- Translation is not difficult.
-
She looks
unhappy.
Açıklama: Bu nesne türleri
“to be” ve “linking verb” lerden sonra kullanılır. Ä°ngilizce’de Link
Verb fiillerinden sonra sıfat
gelir ve özneyi nitler. Link Verb yapısındaki cümlede fiil değil, özne
nitelenir, bu yüzden fiilden sonra zarf yerine sıfat kullanıılır.
En çok kullanılan linking verb,
·
“to be” (is,
are, am; was, were).
·
Look, smell, seem, …
Noun Phrase:
- A horse is an animal.
Preposition + noun:
- He is in Ankara.
Noun phrase + Preposition:
- There is a book on the table.
Object Pronoun:
Object Pronouns (Nesne durumundaki zamirler): me,
you, us, them, him, her, and it.
- I saw him.
-
I gave him a book.
Noun Phrase + Noun Phrase:
- I gave a book to him.
Noun Phrase + Adjective:
- He likes coffe strong.
Noun Phrase + Verb + Noun Phrase:
- We let him to go home.
Noun Phrase + to Verb + Noun
Phrase:
- I want him to help us.
Clause:
- I don’t know where he lives.
Noun +Manner + Pace + Time
adjectives:
- The children played games quietly in their
room yesterday.
Transitive verbs:
Some transitive verbs (for example: bring, break, give, offer,
sell, send, show, and tell) are often followed by two objects without
prepositions. In this case, the order after the verb is first the indirect
object (object pronoun or noun without a preposition), then the direct object
(numeral/article + noun).
-
She gave him
two books.
-
They offered me
a good job.
- He sent her a present.
-
The teacher
told the students a story.
Transitive verbs
take a noun phrase (NP) as a direct object. Past participles of transitive
verbs can also be used as adjectives.
-
The broken
window is there.
If there are two objects after the verb, the word order is first the
direct object, then the object with preposition. There are 3 kinds of objects:
a direct object, an indirect object, and an object of a preposition. How can
you tell if a word is an indirect object or the object of the preposition?
•
If it comes just after a preposition –
then it's the
object of the preposition.
• If it
does not come just after a preposition – then it's an indirect object.
•
Also, the indirect object is
usually followed by the direct object. The object of the preposition does not.
A direct object receives the action of the verb. In
other words, it is directly affected by verb.
- I saw her.
- She is making a pancake.
-
The dogs
noticed the bone.
An indirect
object is the receiver of the direct object, and it usually comes just before
the direct object. (Kime?)
-
He bought his friend a present. "His friend" is the
indirect object. Genelde kime sorusunun yanıtıdır.
- He gave his mother flowers.
- Jack is telling them the news.
The object of a preposition is
the noun or pronoun governed by a preposition.
- The cat ran under the car. (“The car” is the
object of the preposition “under”.)
- This is one small step for a man, one
giant leap for mankind. (Neil Armstrong)
-
Are those
biscuits on the table for the dogs?
- Emma gave Ronnie the book. (Ronnie is the
indirect object.)
Emma gave the
book to Ronnie. (Ronnie is the object of the preposition.)
( And by the way, these two
sentences basically have the same meaning.)
The words that follow a preposition are called the
object of the preposition.
- The cat ran under the car. (“The car” is the
object of the preposition “under”.)
-
Can you give
this parcel to him tomorrow? (“Him” is the object of the preposition “to”.)
At noon, at = preposition; noon =
noun or the object of the preposition.
Behind
them, behind = preposition; them = pronoun or the object of the preposition.
Without sneezing, without = preposition; sneezing = gerund or the object of the preposition.
The object of the preposition will often have
modifiers that add description:
- In class today, we talked about what Mr.
Duncan expects in our next research essay.
About
= preposition; what Mr. Duncan expects in our next research essay = noun
clause or the object of the preposition.
The noun or
pronoun governed by a preposition is always in the objective case. In English,
this only affects pronouns.
-
Go with her.
(The pronoun “her” is the objective case version of “she”.)
-
Sit near them.
(The pronoun “them” is the objective case version of “hey”.)
- You want me to talk to whom? (The pronoun
“whom” is the objective case version of “who”.)
Preposition + Noun Phrase:
-
I am very much interested in the latest technology. (Cümle “be”
yapısındadır, “passive” deÄŸildir.)
Preposition + Object Pronouns:
- They are against me.
-
I am thinking you.
Preposition + Ving (Gerund):
- He is really good at swimming. Yüzmede
gerçekten iyidir.
Preposition + Demonstrative
Pronouns:
- I am not interested in this. Bununla ilgilenmiyorum.
Preposition + Quantifiers:
- I don’t know about either. Ä°kisi hakkında
bilgim yok.
Preposition + Noun Clause:
- In spite of the fact that he is poor, he is happy.
-
I am not concerned about where she was yesterday. Dün nerede olduğun
hakkında ilgilenmiyorum.
Notice:
Preposition + preposition’lardan sonra “Ving (gerund); to V
(infinitive)” yapısı kullanılmaz. Preposition + the fact that;
Preposition’lardan sonra “that” gelmez.
Preposition + whether/Question Words; Preposition’lardan
sonra “if” gelmez. After a preposition, it is used “whom” not “who”.
After a preposition, it is used “whether” not “if”.
-
If you're going to say something like my wife and I, make sure it's the
subject of your sentence, otherwise it should be me and my wife.
- You can't say between you and I. It's between
you and me.
A complement is
a word or a structure that completes the meaning of a verb, a subject, or an
object.
-
Sheila is a nurse.
(adding information about Sheila)
-
All of them
seemed surprised. Hepsi şaşırmış görünüyordu.
Verb complements are direct and
indirect objects that stand after the verb:
- She gave the book to Anna.
- Give me a pen.
Subject complement in the form of a noun is called predicative noun or
predicative nominal; in the form of an adjective –
predicative adjective (or predicate adjective). Subject complement
stands after the linking verb (it is predicative complement):
-
It is a book.
-
The book is interesting.
Complements
which add more information about an object are called object complements.
Object complement stands after the object to which it refers:
-
I find it strange.
-
He makes me
very angry. (adding information “about me”)
Adjectives modify or describe features and qualities of people, animals
and things represented by nouns and pronouns. Adjectives
describe nouns by giving some information about an object’s size, shape,
age, color, origin or material.
When an adjective is used
with a noun, the usual order is “adjective + noun”: a yellow balloon
- That’s a big house.
-
Look at the
grey horse.
-
All dogs have
tails, but some dogs have long tails.
Adjectives can
go before the noun (attributive) or after linking verbs such as be, become,
seem (predicative):
-
What a
beautiful flower! (attributive)
- This bridge looks unsafe. (predicative)
With numbers and
with words like first, last, next, the usual order is “first/next + number + adjective + noun”:
-
I don’t have
to work for the next four days.
-
That’s the
second large study on unemployment this year.
Most commonly, the adjectives “ill” and “well” are
used after a verb and not before a noun:
- I feel ill.
Most common adjectives are
members of a pair of opposites:
Beautiful – ugly, dead – alive,
happy – sad, rough – smooth, big – small, dry – wet, heavy – light, tall
– short, cold – hot, good – bad
The place of attribute:
Attributes
expressed by adjectives (or by pronouns, participles, numerals, nouns in the
possessive case) usually stand before their nouns, before the noun in the
subject, in the object, or in the adverbial modifier.
-
My old dog liked fresh apples.
- We threw out several broken chairs.
-
The
doctor's new house is near a large park.
If there are
several adjectives before a noun, a more specific adjective is placed closer to
its noun than a more general adjective.
-
She bought a
nice green woolen sweater.
-
Chicago is a
beautiful big clean city.
- My daughter likes soft gray, green, and
blue colors.
Attributes in
the form of a noun with a preposition or structures with participles are placed
after the noun that they modify.
-
Chicago is a
big city in the Midwest.
-
The waiter
threw out the chairs broken in yesterday's
fight.
Before adjectives you will normally have
“Determiner”. Determiner tells us if the noun is singular or plural,
definite or indefinite: a, an, the, my, your, four, those, some etc.
As a
general rule, adjectives are usually placed in this order: Opinion, size,
quality, age, shape, colour, participle forms, origin, material type, purpose.
-
Claudia is
going camping with three other little girls.
- I bought a beautiful long red Italian silk tie.
Adverbs are
used to add more information about a verb, an adjective, another adverb,
a clause or a whole sentence and, less commonly, about a noun phrase.
Adverbs are words that modify:
• a verb
(He drove slowly. How did he drive?)
• an
adjective (He drove a very fast car. How fast was his car?)
• another
adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. How slowly did she move?)
Adverbs can
modify adjectives, but an adjective can not modify an adverb. Like adjectives,
adverbs can have comparative and superlative forms to show degree.
-
The student
who reads fastest will finish first.
As an adverb modifies the verb
of a sentence, it is called an Adverb Clause:
- When this class is over, we're going to the movies.
The adverbs of frequency "often, generally, frequently, rarely,
regularly, sometimes" are often placed between the subject and the main
verb in the simple tenses but may also be placed after the main verb (or after
the object, if any).
Depending
on their function and meaning, adverbs may stand before adjectives, before
other adverbs, after verbs, at the end of sentences, at the beginning of
sentences, between the auxiliary and the main
verb.
-
This song is
very popular.
- Mike learned the lyrics very quickly.
- He sings beautifully.
-
He sings this
song beautifully.
-
Sometimes,
Mike and his sister sing this song together.
Some
adverbs of frequency can stand before the verb in the simple tenses and between
the auxiliary and the main verb in the
perfect tenses.
- How often does he sing this song? Does he
sing it often?
- He never sings this song. He often sings this
song. He sings it very often.
-
He has already
sung it. He has sung it already.
Adverb of place:
S + Auxiliary Verb + V + O + C +
adverb + adverb of place + adverb of time.
to where: nereye?
-
For the first evidence of money as currency, we need to go back 5,000
years to where modern-day Iraq now sits, to find ‘the shekel’.
A
preposition is used with a noun (or pronoun) and stands before it, forming a
phrase that
functions
as a prepositional indirect object (about Tom; for me) or as an adverbial
modifier (under the table; before dinner). Prepositions are traditionally
divided into the classes:
• Place:
on the street, in the house, at the airport
• Direction:
to the river, through the park
• Time:
at two o'clock, in 1995, for a year, on Monday
• Manner:
by train, with a key
We
commonly use prepositions to show a relationship in space or time or a logical
relationship between two or more people, places or things. Prepositions are
most commonly followed by a noun phrase or pronoun:
-
The last
time I saw him he was walking down
the road.
- I’ll meet you in the cafe opposite the cinema.
-
It was
difficult to sleep during the flight.
- It was the worst storm since the 1980s.
-
Give that to me.
A prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end with a
noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the object of the preposition. The
object of the preposition will often have one or more modifiers to describe it.
The patterns for a prepositional phrase: preposition + modifier(s) + noun /
pronoun / gerund / clause
Preposition as adjective
modifies a noun or pronoun:
- The windows of your house were broken.
Preposition as adverb modifies a
verb, an adjective, or an adverb:
- The children played for two hours.
- We will be back in a few days.
-
They drove to Glasgow
When a
preposition plays as adverb of time/place standing at the beginning of
sentence, verb will be put before subject and we will not use auxiliary.
-
In the morning
is the best time to water plants. Morning time is the best time to water plants.
A verb agrees with its subject
even when the verb comes before the subject.
- There are wild dogs in our neighborhood.
- Where are the children’s coats?
An adverb or a phrase beginning
with a preposition:
-
She's very tall, as is her mother. (as her mother is) “As” is a
conjunction and an adverb and is used before a
clause.
- She enjoys all kinds of music, as do I. (as I do.)
You can certainly begin a
sentence with a preposition.
- Off I go (I've just done it), “off” is an
adverb rather than a preposition.
Similar examples are In I go, On I go, Out I go and Up I go.
Coordinating
conjunctions "and, or, but" connect coordinate elements (parallel
elements) of the sentence as well as independent clauses in the compound
sentence.
-
He bought
bread and cheese.
-
I invited her,
but she didn't come to the party.
Subordinating conjunctions (e.g., after, because, if, since, that, when)
connect the subordinate clause with the main clause in the complex sentence.
Subordinating conjunctions: After, although,
as soon as, etc.
-
They knocked
down all the houses and they built a car park.
- Are there four or five people living
in that house?
-
My shoes look
great but are not very comfortable.
- I will go to the store after I finish writing
this article.
-
She didn't go
to the concert because she was busy.
Connecting words: Which do you
prefer? Red or blue?
Connecting phrases: The meal was very expensive
and not very nice.
Connecting
clauses: There are seats outside but some
people don’t like sitting outdoors. Connecting sentences: My grandmother’s name
was Wall. But she became Jenkins when she got married to my grandfather.
Coordinating conjunctions: either … or …, neither … nor …,
both … and …:
