Verbals
All
verbs, except modal verbs, have four verbal forms which are called verbal or
non-finite verb forms: the infinitive, the present participle, the past
participle, the gerund. Verbals have some properties of the verb; for example,
they have perfect and passive forms and can take an object. Verbals also have
some properties of the other parts of speech; for example, gerunds and
infinitives can be used in the function of nouns, and participles can function
as adjectives.
•
Ing- form: do the action actively
•
ed- form: receive action from other
•
Infinitive = To + Verb: function as adverb
•
Participles =
“Verb+ ed” and “Ving”: function as adjective
•
Gerund = Ving: functions as a noun
• Nonfinite clauses = a dependent clause whose main verb is
nonfinite: functions as a noun, adjective, or
adverb
Explanation:
To Verb (to
+ V): express purpose of doing something. To Verb: imply the purpose of an
action.
find /see
/watch /hear...+ to Verb :you find /see or watch the whole action find /see
/watch /hear...+ Verb_ing : you find /see or watch part of the action
- Need +
To be Past Particple /V_ing: if before "need" is not person
- Need +
To Verb: If before "need" is person
The gerund is formed by adding the ending “ing”
to the base form of the verb. We make a gerund
form “the verb + ing”. The gerund form of the verb "read" is
"reading." Gerund is used as a noun or an adjective.
•
We can use gerunds after prepositions and
some verbs.
•
Verbs following a preposition must be in the
_ing form.
He has fed up with eating
pizza every day. “The preposition + gerund is “with eating”
•
After the
adjective “good”, we use the preposition “at” + gerund.
I am good at swimming.
•
The adjective
“interested”, we use the preposition “in + gerund”
Gilbert looked up from his play and saw that his
mother was very deeply interested in her book.
You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement,
or the object of a sentence:
- Walking is good for your health.
- I'm tired of
waiting.
- He likes reading.
- Swimming is good for health.
- I see a running man
Gerunds can
be in active, perfect, and passive forms, of which the simple active form is
the most common:
-
He remembers
giving the keys to that man.
- He remembers having given the keys to
that man.
- That man doesn't remember being given
the keys.
- That man doesn't remember having been
given the keys.
Gerund as a subject (or part
of the subject) of a verb:
- Eating ice cream on a windy day can be a messy experience.
-
Reading helps
you learn English.
- Getting up early is a good habit. Erken
kalkmak iyi bir alışkanlıktır.
- Being married will not make me happy. Evlenmek beni mutlu etmeyecek.
-
Listening to CNN helps my pronunciation a lot. CNN’i dinlemek telaffuzuma
çok yardımcı oluyor.
-
Speaking English well requires a lot of practice. İngilizce’yi iyi
konuşmak çok pratik gerektiriyor.
- Looking after many children keeps Susan busy.
Birçok çocuğa bakmak Susan’ı oyalıyor.
- Hunting tigers is dangerous.
- Flying makes me nervous.
-
Horse-racing
is his favorite activity.
- Swimming in the winter can boost your immune system.
- Learning a foreign language is easier at a
young age.
Gerund as an
object (Verb + Ving):
- He enjoys teaching English.
- I enjoy reading book.
- She suggested going to a movie.
- Mary keeps talking about her problems.
- I am sorry, I can’t remember meeting
her last week.
- Wild food adventures require getting your
hair cut to a short, safe length.
- Getting your hair cut to a short, safe length
= direct object of the verb require.
Like, want,
gibi fiilerden sonra object olarak “Ving
(Gerund)” geldiği gibi “to verb (to infinitive)” de gelmektedir.
- I don’t feel like to go /going for a walknow.
Gerund as a
complement:
-
A more disastrous activity for long-haired people is blowing giant
bubble gum bubbles with the car windows down.
Blowing giant bubble gum bubbles with the car windows
down = subject complement of the verb is.
- His job is teaching English.
- Her favorite hobby is reading.
Gerunds are
used like an adjective:
- John is in the living room.
- We need more
drinking.
- We have an adequate supply of writing paper.
- Pat is angry about walking in the rain.
- John is good at working in the garden.
- The children are not happy about seeing a doctor.
- Are you interested in writing poems?
Gerunds,
kendisinden sonra bir isim alarak Türkçe’deki isim tamlaması gibi kullanılır:
Living room: oturma odası Drinking water: içme suyu
Sleeping pill: uyku hapı Ironing board: ütü tahtası
Swimming pool:
yüzme havuzu
Gerunds can often be modified with
possessive forms such as his, her, its, your, their, our, John's,
Mary's, the machine's, and so on. This makes it clearer who or what is
performing the action.
-
I can’t
understand his insisting on such an unimportant detail.
- I can’t understand her arguing with me.
Benimle tartışmasını anlayamıyorum.
- I enjoyed their singing. They were singing.
- She understood his saying no to the offer. He
said no.
- We discussed the machine's being broken. The
machine is broken.
Gerund and present participle phrases:
Gerund
and present participle phrases are easy to confuse because they both begin with
an “ing” word. The difference is that a
gerund phrase will always function as a noun while a present
participle phrase describes another word in the sentence. Check out these
examples:
- Jamming too much clothing into a washing
machine will result in disaster.
-
Bernard hates
buttering toast with a fork.
Buttering toast with a fork = gerund phrase, the direct object of the
verb hates.
-
Buttering toast with a fork, Bernard vowed that he would finally wash the
week's worth of dirty dishes piled in the sink.Buttering toast with a fork =
present participle phrase describing Bernard.
-
Last night I had to sleep on the couch because I found my dog Floyd hogging the middle of the bed.
Hogging the middle of the bed = present participle phrase describing
Floyd.
Gerunds are used between “the” and “of” just like nouns:
-
The burning
of fossil fuels causes a number of
environmental problems.
Go + gerund:
There are
many "go + gerund" expressions used for adventure sports and
individual recreational activities.
- I go swimming every weekend.
- Would you ever go skydiving?
Gerunds can be
made negative by adding "not."
- He enjoys not working.
- The best thing for your health is not smoking.
Gerunds
as prepositional objects are used after many adjectives and participles.
Gerunds in the function of prepositional indirect objects are used after
various phrasal verbs, adjectives and participles that require certain
prepositions. Gerunds as prepositional objects are used after many phrasal
verbs.
feel
like, feel up to, forget about, forgive for, insist on, keep from, lead to,
long for, look forward to, mean by, object to, pay for, persist in, prevent
from, remind of, result in, return to, save from, succeed in, suspect of, take
to, talk into, talk out of, thank for, think about, think of, work on, worry about.
afraid
of, ashamed of, aware of, capable of, confident of, frightened of, fond of,
proud of, scared of, sure of, tired of, accuse of, approve of, believe in,
complain of, consist of, disapprove of, dream
of,
(suçlandım, korktum, mahçubum, farkındayım, yetenekliyim, kendime güvenirim,
korktum, düşkünüm,
gururluyum, korktum, eminim, yorgunum)
- I'm tired of
arguing.
- She is fond of listening to fairy tales.
- He was accused of stealing.
- He is proud of being a member of the team.
- There's a chance of catching a cold these days.
- Peggy is in danger of making a mistake.
- This is a simple method of finding solutions.
- There's some opportunity of bringing her
parents together again.
- He has the problem of swimming too slow.
apologize
for, responsible for, sorry for, grateful for, thankful for, blame for,
(sorumluluk sahibi, üzgünüm, minnettar, müteşekkir)
- These exercises are good for memorizing vowel combinations.
- He was sorry for giving them so much trouble.
- Lena was responsible for ordering food.
angry at, annoyed at, disappointed at, furious
at, good at, surprised at
(kızgın,
sinirlenmiş, hayal
kırıklığına uğramış, öfkeli, iyi, şaşırmış)
- She is good at keeping secrets.
- She was angry at being left alone at home.
engaged in, experienced in,
successful in, interested in, consist
in,
-
She is
interested in buying an apartment in this neighborhood.
agree on, count on, depend on,
careful about, concerned about, excited about,
worried about, care about, complain about,
confess to, consent to, accustomed to, be used to (alışkınım, kullanılabilirim)
- He is used to living alone.
- She is accustomed to getting up early.
-
Examples:
- They accused him of stealing their money.
- She blames him for losing her suitcase.
Excuse me for interrupting you.
- Thank you for coming. He insists on buying a
new car.
- He objected to selling the house.
- Compulsory vaccination prevented the disease
from spreading.
- He talked them into investing in his project.
- We are looking forward to seeing you.
- They admitted to committing the crime.
- Leslie made up for forgetting my birthday.
- He thinks about studying abroad.
- He is quite used to working hard. Çok
çalışmaya oldukça alışıktır.
-
My brother is interested in playing football. Erkek kardeşimin futbol
oynamaya karşı bir ilgisi var.
- After taking a bath, I felt fine. Banyo
yaptıktan sonra kendimi iyi hissettim.
- The teacher is tired of teaching the same
subject all the time.
- I was afraid of hurting her feelings.
Duygularını incitmekten korkuyordum.
- I will call you after arriving at the office.
- I am looking forward to meeting you.
- We arrived in Madrid after driving all night.
- The tablet must not be taken before getting
up in the morning.
- I manage it by working much longer than
40-hour weeks.
- In spite of studying a lot he didn't pass the exams.
- She insisted on calling her sister.
There are
many "adjective + preposition" combinations and "noun +
preposition" combinations in English as well. These are also followed by
gerunds.
- Sandy is scared of flying. [adjective + preposition]
- Nick is anxious about taking the examination.
[adjective + preposition]
-
His interest in becoming a professional snowboarder was well known.[noun
+ preposition]
- Thomas' story about seeing a grizzly bear was
really exciting. [noun + preposition]
Set phrases with gerund:
- It is no use waiting for him.
- Waiting for him is (of) no use.
In the
second example, "waiting" is the subject, answers the question
"what?", and is used as a noun. Consequently, "waiting" is
a gerund in both sentences.
Note: The
infinitive may be used instead of the gerund in such sentences. For example: It
is no use to wait for him.
There is no
point + in + gerund:
- There is no point in asking a question if you
don't want to listen to the answer.
- There was no point in asking him about it.
- There was no point in repairing our old
refrigerator. We decided to buy a new one.
- There's no sense in going there now.
We had trouble
+ gerund:
- He had trouble finding a place to live.
- We had trouble communicating with them.
- We had difficulty understanding his speech.
-
She had
difficulty getting a visa.
- I had a problem choosing a present for her.
be worth +
gerund:
- This coat is worth buying.
- This film is worth seeing.
- This book is dull. It's not worth reading.
- It's a trifle. It's not worth mentioning.
Admit He admitted cheating on
the test.
Advise The doctor
generally advised drinking low-fat milk.
Allow Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars.
Anticipate I anticipated
arriving late. Appreciate I appreciated
her helping me. Avoid He avoided talking to her.
Begin I began learning Chinese.
Can't bear He can't bear having so much responsibility. Can't help He
can't help talking so loudly.
Can't see I can't see paying so much money for a car. Can't stand He can't stand her
smoking in the office.
Cease Government ceased
providing free healthcare. Complete He completed renovating the house.
Consider She considered
moving to New York. Continue He continued
talking.
Defend The lawyer
defended her making such statements.
Delay He delayed doing his taxes.
Deny He denied
committing the crime. Despise She despises waking up early.
Discuss We discussed
working at the company. Dislike She dislikes working after 5 PM.
Don't mind I don't mind helping you. Dread She dreads getting up at 5 AM.
Encourage He encourages eating
healthy foods.
Enjoy We enjoy hiking.
Finish He finished doing his homework.
Forget I forgot giving you my book.
Hate I hate cleaning the
bathroom. Imagine He imagines working
there one day.
Involve The job involves
traveling to Japan once a month. Keep She kept interrupting me.
Like She likes listening to
music.
Love I love swimming.
Mention He mentioned going to that college.
Mind Do you mind waiting
here for a few minutes. Miss She misses living near the beach.
Need The aquarium needs cleaning.
Neglect Sometimes she
neglects doing her homework. Permit California
does not permit smoking in restaurants.
Postpone He postponed returning to Paris.
Practice She practiced singing the song.
Prefer He prefers
sitting at the back of the movie theater.
Propose I proposed having lunch at the beach.
Quit She quit worrying about the problem.
Recall Tom recalled
using his credit card at the store. Recollect She recollected living in Kenya.
Recommend Tony recommended
taking the train. Regret She regretted saying that.
Remember I remember
telling her the address yesterday. Report He reported her stealing the money.
Require The certificate
requires completing two courses. Resent Nick resented Debbie's being there.
Resist He resisted asking for help.
Risk He risked being caught.
Start He started studying
harder.
Stop She stopped working
at 5 o'clock. Suggest They suggested
staying at the hotel. Tolerate I tolerated her talking.
Try Sam tried opening
the lock with a paperclip. Understand I understand his quitting.
Urge They urge recycling bottles
and paper.
