Modifiers

Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns.

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, or whole groups of words. An adverb answers one of four questions: where, when, how, or to what extent?

Comparatives are adjectives and adverbs used to compare two things. Superlatives are adjectives and adverbs used to compare more than two things.

The emphasis structures are used to give strong advice, to express opinions clearly, to disagree, to show concern, to entertain.

 

Süperlative yapıların önünde belirteç kullanılır. The, my, this Such + noun

 

Adverbs

-    I didn’t enjoy this book on how to succeed in business. It wasn’t very well written. Adv + verb (write)

“good” is adjective. Adj + noun.

Wasn't : implies nagative-> poorly written is not correct Well typed: no error typing

 

To be + adj /noun, to be yapısından sonra sıfat gelir, zarf gelmez.

 

Comparative of adj/adv

Short adj/adv: adj/adv + er + than Long adj: More + adj/adv + than

 

Adjective is a word that describes or clarifies a noun or pronoun (size, shape, age, color, origin or material). They modify or describe features and qualities of people, animals and things represented by nouns and pronouns. An adjective answers one of three questions: which one, what kind, or how many?

Attributive adjectives: Size, colour, qualities.

 

Structure:

adj + noun /pronoun: Poor me!

To be + adj: I am ready. That’s a big house.

 

It's + adj + to + V: ( It's + adj + to do sth)

To be + adj + to do sth: He was powerless to prevent it.

 

Indefinite pronoun + adj: I feel ill.

Subject + sense verb (Look, feel, sound taste and smell ) + adj.

 

Adjectives patterns with “kind, considerate, tactful”:

-    You are very kind to invite me.

-    It is tactful of you to invite me.

 

A/an + Noun/noun phrase (= adj + noun)

-    A fearful railway accident happened 3 days ago.

 

Kelime kökü olarak sıfat kelimeler:

Big, small, blue, old, rich and nice: Pretty woman, big mistake, small car.

 

Bileşik sıfatlar:

Home-made, time-comsuming, absent-minded.

 

Most common adjectives are members of a pair of opposites:

Beautiful – ugly, happy – sad, good – bad, big – small, tall – short, heavy – light,

dead – alive, rough – smooth, dry – wet, cold – hot.

 

A suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a word which makes a new word.

•       Adjectives are formed from verbs by adding the suffixes “able, ible, ant, ent, ory, ive”: reliable, convertible, ignorant, confident, contradictory, and attractive.

•       Adjectives are formed from nouns by adding the suffixes “able,ful, ible, (i)al, an, ian, ary, ory, en, ent, ful, ic, ish, ive, less, ous, y”: reasonable, sensible, cultural, American, humanitarian, legendary, compulsory, golden, beautiful, patriotic, foolish, hopeless, famous, windy. Noun+ly=adjective: riend – friendly, cost – costly, dead – deadly.

History -> historic, Politics -> political, Fashion -> fashionable, Beauty -> beautiful Depent -> dependent, Effect -> effective, Danger -> dangerous, Hope -> hopleless

•       Adjectives are formed from adjectives by adding the suffixes “al, ish”: poetical, greenish.

•       Adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding the suffix “ly”: exactly, logically.

 

-ful: useful, beautiful;

-less: careless, priceless;

-ous: curious, dangerous;

-ish: foolish, greenish;

-able, -ible: valuable, credible;

-al: digital, official;

-ant, -ent: reluctant, different;

-ic: dynamic, fantastic;

-ive: active, sensitive;

-ly: timely, lovely;

-y: empty, sunny.

 

Some suffixes are found in nouns and adjectives. For example, the words "metal, static, resident" can be nouns or adjectives. The suffix "ate" is found in adjectives (adequate, separate), nouns (advocate, nitrate), and verbs (separate, demonstrate).

 

 

The prefixes "un, in, im, ir"; unclear, unfriendly; inevitable, insincere; impolite, irregular.

 

Some of these prefixes are also used with other parts of speech; for example, undo, unsettle – verbs; until – preposition; increase – verb or noun; imply – verb.

 

Tam ölçü anlatan sıfatlar isimlerden sonra kullanılır.

-    The room is five meter wide.

-    The room is twentyfive meter square.

-    This road is two kilometer long.

 

Bir ismin önüne bir miktar belirteçi getirilirse (-) ile nitelenen isimden ayırmak gerekir. Compound Adjectives with Numbers: number- name of thing (in singular) – Noun.

Usually, hyphens are used to link the words together to show that it is one adjective.

-    Last year we had a four-week vacation in the Alps.

 

Rakamlar ve niteledikleri isimler arasında her zaman bir tire ( - ) kullanılır.

Ölçüm birimleriyle yapılan sıfat tamlamalarında rakamsal bir ifade ve tekil isimleri kullanılır. Adjectives are never plural. Therefore, when the adjective contains a number and noun, the noun associated with the number is singular.

-    This tank holds ten gallons. Yes, it is a ten gallon tank.

-    A two-meter-tall wall

-    A second-hand car

-    Tax-free

Yaş                         : A Two -Year Old Baby

Hacim                   : A Three- Liter Bottle

Uzunluk                   : A Fifty - Meter Building.

Fiyat                   : A Ten- Dollar Shirt

Alan                   : A Thirty- Acre Campus

Süre                   : A Nine – Hour Journey

Ağirlik : A Five – Kilo Bag Zaman / Mesafe : A Five – Minute Walk

 

With numbers and with words like “first, last, next”, the usual order is “first/next + number + adj

+ noun”:

-    There used to be two big fields here when I was young.

-    I don’t have to work for the next four days.

-    That’s the second large study on unemployment this year.

 

Adjectives don't have any means to show gender, number, or case. Adjectives form two degrees of comparison. One-syllable adjectives (and certain two-syllable adjectives) form the comparative and superlative degrees by adding the suffixes "er, est". Adjectives consisting of three or more syllables (and many adjectives of two syllables) form degrees of comparison with the help of "more, most".

Big – bigger – the biggest; Long – longer – the longest; Nice – nicer – the nicest; Happy – happier – the happiest;

Foolish – more foolish – the most foolish; Curious – more curious – the most curious;

Beautiful – more beautiful – the most beautiful; Important – more important – the most important.

 

-    Our car is larger than your car.[comparative]

-    This stick is too short. Can you give me a longer stick?

-    This exercise was more difficult than I thought, but my sister helped me to do it.

-    This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.

-    Peter is the tallest boy in his class.

 

The most reliable way to identify an adjective is by its function in the sentence, by the word order, and by the immediate surrounding. For example, the phrases "a tall tree, the tallest tree, my tall trees" indicate that the word "tall" is an adjective in the function of an attribute.

 

Many pairs of opposites are gradable, i.e. they have different degrees of the same feature: Small: This suitcase is extremely small. This suitcase is very small. This suitcase is quite small. Hot: It was reasonably hot in Italy this summer. It was quite hot in Italy this summer.

It was pretty hot in Italy this summer. It was very hot in Italy this summer. It was extremely hot in Italy this summer.

 

 

Hair: Curly, wavy, straight; long, short; blonde, dark, red Eyes: Dark, light, blue, brown, green

Complexion: cilt, ten rengi, görünüm : Asian, Black, White

-    My best friend has curly short hair and green eyes.

-    He’s got a beard and moustache and has a chubby face.

-    She’s got straight hair and she’s thin-faced (or she’s got a thin face).

-    She’s got curly hair and is dark-skinned (or she’s got dark skin).

-    He used to have black hair but now it’s gone grey, almost white.

-    He’s got receding hair and a few wrinkles

-    She’s a very smart and elegant woman, always well-dressed; her husband is quite the opposite, very scruffy and untidy-looking / messy-looking.

-    He’s very good-looking, but his friend’s rather unattractive.

-    Do you think beautiful women are always attracted to handsome men? I don’t. I think personality matters most.

 

When an adjective is used with a noun, the usual order is “adjective + noun”: a yellow balloon Sıfatlar genellikle isimlerden ya da zamirlerden önce kullanılır.

-    I saw a white caw.

-    Give me the red pencil.

-    The angry man shouted all day long.

-    New York is a very big city.

-    He wore a red hat.

-    They are friendly people. (qualities)

-    My house is very old. (age)

-    All dogs have tails, but some dogs have long tails.

 

Use "adverb" stands in front of adjective to describle or give more stress on adjective: very fast

-    It is very cold here. Put on your sweater.

 

Most commonly, the adjectives “ill” and “well” are used after a verb and not before a noun:

-    I feel ill.

 

Bir sonuç anlatan sıfatlar isimden sonra kullanılır:

-    The medicine made my friend sick.

 

Sıfatlar “some, any, every, no” ile başlayan bileşik isimlerden sonra kullanılır.

-    There is nobody ill in the family.

 

We often say "the last /next few day (s)":

-    We spent the last few sunny days at the seaside.

 

When “this, that, these, and those” are followed by a noun, they are adjectives. When “this, that, these, and those” appear without a noun following them, they are pronouns.

-    This house is for sale. This is an adjective.

-    This is for sale. This is a pronoun.

 

Duygu, fikir ya da inanış bildiren sıfatlarda sonra “that clause” ya da “Questin words, whether

/If” gelebilir.

-    I am worried that I can not answer all the questions in two hours.

-    I am not sure which direction I would choose.

To be + adj:

-    The methot that was used did not prove to be effective: kullanılan metot faydalı olmadı.

 

S + to be + adj:

-    We will be late and we will miss the bus.

 

Adjective preceded by a modifier: adv + adj

-    That soup is pretty cold.

-    Many of the exercises are fairly difficult.

 

Adjective + a modifier after it:

-    The food was tasty enough. (adj/adv + enough)

-    The car is economical for its size.

 

Adjective + a word or phrase, which is required to complete its meaning (a complement):

-    She was aware of the danger of travelling alone.

-    Some people weren’t willing to pay extra to book a seat on the plane.

 

Adjective proceeded by a modifier + a word or phrase, which is required to complete its meaning (a complement):

-    We’re not very keen on having an activity holiday.

-    Are you really interested in rock and roll?

 

 

It is + adj + to do sth:

To be + adj + to + V: express feelings and react

 

Sıfat kendinden sonra fiil alacaksa genellikle “to + V” şeklinde kullanılır.

-    It is not difficult to learn English.

-    We are happy to see you here.

-    Dave had many obstacles to overcome. “To overcome” is the infinitive and tells which obstacles have to be overcome. Thus, it modifies the noun, obstacles.

-    The first attempt to build the Panama Canal ended failure.

-    This is the best time to start.

-    It’s hard to explain what makes Hong Kong so exhilarating.

Hong Kong'u bu kadar canlı yapan şeyin ne olduğunu açıklamak zordur.

 

Cümlede sıfat sıralaması: OSAScCpOMP İngilizce kısa şifreleme ( Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Condition, Colour, Pattern, Origin, Material, Purpose)

•    Opinion: This is usually our opinion, attitude or observations. These adjectives almost always come before all other adjectives. Attractive, beautiful, boring, stupid, delicious, useful, lovely, and comfortable.

•    Size: Tells us how big or small something is. Big, small, tall, huge, tiny.

•    Age: Tells us how old someone or something is. Old, young, new, ancient, antique.

-    We found the interesting big circular dirty antique vehicle.

•    Shape /Weight /Length: Tells about the shape of something or how long or short it is. It can also refer to the weight of someone or something. Round, square, circular, skinny, fat, heavy, straight, long, short.

-    We found the interesting big circular vehicle.

•    Condition: Tells us the general condition or state of something. Broken, cold, hot, wet, hungry, rich, easy, difficult, and dirty.

•    Colour: The colour or approximate colour of something. Green, white, blue, reddish, purple.

•    Pattern: The pattern or design of something. Striped, spotted, checked, flowery.

-    We found the interesting big circular dirty antique gray abondened vehicle.

•    Origin: Tells us where something is from. American, British, Italian, eastern, Australian, Chilean.

•    Material: What is the thing made of or constructed of? Gold, wooden, silk, paper, synthetic, cotton, woolen.

-    We found the interesting big circular dirty antique gray abondened American steel vehicle.

•    Purpose /Qualifier /Use: What is it for? These adjectives often end in –ing. Sleeping (bag), gardening (gloves), shopping (bag), and wedding (dress).

-    My father lives in a lovely, gigantic, ancient, brick house.

-    I have an annoying, small, circular, American, tin, alarm clock that wakes me up.

-    Let’s order a delicious, huge, rectangular, pepperoni pizza.

-    They all received several dazzling, small, ancient, gold coins.

-    She owns a stunning, large, old, brown dog named Boris.

 

Linking verbs: be, appare, become, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, taste, turn. Bu fiilerin özelliği, bu fiillerden sonra sıfatların gelmesidir.

The linking verb “be” may be followed by a noun, an adjective, a numeral, a pronoun, an infinitive, a gerund.

 

“Linking Verbs + adj” modifies the noun before the verb. Sıfatlar “Linking verbs” diye bilinen fiillerin anlamını tamamlamak için kullanılır. Adjectives can go before the noun (attributive) or after linking verbs such as “be, become, seem” (predicative).

-    He is strong.

-    She is tall.

-    These people are friendly.

-    Math is boring. (judgement)

-    Emma is French. (nationalty)

-    The knife is sharp. (characteristics)

-    It tastes sweet.

-    She seems very happy.

-    It smells so good.

-    I thought he looked tired.

-    The tragedy sounds true.

-    He told me that he was feeling hungry

-    I am afraid the weather will become cold.

-    Remain silent and never tell what I said to anyone. (Silent: sessiz kalmak)

-    The cat’s fur feels like cotton. (fur: tüy)

-    What a beautiful flower! (attributive)

-    This bridge looks unsafe. (predicative)

-    That’s a big house.

-    Some dogs have long tails.

 

An adjective phrase is a group of words in a sentence that acts like an adjective. The adjective phrase may also contain words or phrases before or after the head (modifiers and complements). You could replace experienced with a group of words (a phrase) and say,

 

Example:

"Lisa is a teacher with a lot of experience." “With a lot of experience” is a phrase (a group of words without a finite verb), and it functions as an adjective in the sentence. It describes Lisa. So we call it an adjective phrase.

 

-    That’s a lovely cake.

-    These flowers are wonderful.

-    Tom is a man with good instincts.

-    She brought a cake made of nuts and fruit.

-    His friends are sailors living in the sea.

-    The name of the city is La Plata.

-    They are a couple with no children.

-    The price of the boots was too high.

-    Mr. Clinton is a man of great wealth.

-    He is a man without a friend.

-    The tops of the mountains were covered with snows.

-    He walked through the street covered with mud.

 

V_ing: describe the cause of our feelings. Adjectives ending in Ving, e.g. frightening, shocking, describe the cause of our feelings.

 

V₃: describe people's feelings. Adjectives ending in V3, e.g. surprised, interested, describe how we feel.

 

For example, you could say "Lisa is an experienced teacher." In this sentence the word “experienced” is an adjective. It describes Lisa.

 

Belirleyici factor-1: Etkileyen ise “Ving”, etkilenen ise “V3” sıfatları kullanılır.

-    Freezing temperatures have continued in many parts of the US, with heavy disruption to travel.

-    The movie was such a fascinating that we were all impressed.

-    I watched that film on television last night. It was really boring. I was just bored by it.

-    I like smiling girls.

-    Never kiss a smiling crocodile.

-    My father prefers to drink filtered spring water.

-    She always has a warm welcoming smile.

-    Increasing prices are making food very expensive.

-    She was scared that they would find her.

-    The fallen leaves covered the new driveway.

 

Belirleyici factor-2: Devam ediyorsa Ving, bitmiş ise V3 sıfatları kullanılır.

-    The admission of application is a continuing process, which will end next year.

-    The USA is one of the few developed countries in the world.

-    She was sweeping up the broken glass. (sweeping up: süpürmek)

-    He is planning an amazing wedding. (amazing: Şaşırtıcı)

-    A drug-addicated man was taken to hospital because of overdose. (drug-addicated:İlaç bağımlısı)

-    He lives in a charming house just outside the town.

-    I prefer cooking to eating. [You like the activity cooking more than you like the activity eating.]

-    The bird had a broken wing.

-    She was quite astonished at his behavior.

-    He was a very disappointed young man.

 

Fiillerden türetilen sıfatlar tam olarak fiilliklerini kaybetmemişler ise isimlerden sonra kullanılır. (Reduction Clauses, devrik yapılar)

-    On the day following he sent me a cheque.

 

Developed: aready develop; highly developed

Developing: in progress of developing

"Feared" often goes with "shock" to describle something very frightened

 

Sometime we use a noun to describe another noun, first noun acts as an adjective. Bir isim diğer bir ismin önüne gelerek onu nitelyebilir. Böyle bir durumda, ismin önünde kullanılan isim sıfat olarak görev yapar. Niteleme amaçlı kullanılan isim daima tekildir.

Structure:

Two separate word: door bell, car door, love story, room windows, traffic jam, morning tea, garden chair.

Two hyphenated words: book-case One word: bathroom

-    This is the entrance door.

-    I like that yellow table lamp.

-    Let’s buy those wine glasses.

-    I don’t like war stories.

-    There was a stone wall at one side of the road.

-    A woman who drives a car is called a woman driver.

-    I bought a grammar book.

-    They sell shoes in that store, so it is a shoe store.

-    We ate at an Italian restaurant.

-    I like lentil soup.

-    The soup has vegetables in it, so it is vegetable soup. I like vegetable soup.

-    My garden has flowers in it, so it is a flower garden.

-    It was a golden plate. (material)

-    We say “a glass or wine” when it is full. When it is empty we say a wine glass.

 

The adjective as a subject:

Adjectives are often used as nouns to play as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence. In this case, noun is often hidden. “The” is combined with these adjectives so that they can be used as nouns. These adjectives are always plural and take a plural verb.

“The + adjective” is used as noun. These type nouns are always plural and take a plural verb. “The + adjective” is often used as nouns to play role as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence.

-    Of course, the French are famous for their wines and cooking.

-    The government should help the unemployed.

-    The dead were taken away.

-    They are collecting money for the blind. (The needy, the poor)

-    Public transport is rarely adapted to the needs of the disabled.

-    The English don’t like learning languages.

 

Adjectives are words that are used to describe a noun.

Sometimes we use a “noun” to describe another noun. In that case the first “noun” acts as “adjective”.

Structure: adj + Noun.

Gold (n) – golden (adj); golden eggs Wool (n) – woollen (adj); woollen jacket Wood(n) – wooden (adj), wooden horse

-    A horse made of wood is a wooden horse.

-    This woollen jacket looks very nice.

-    A table made of wood is a wooden table.

 

An adverb is a word, which serves as a modifier of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, a preposition, a phrase, a clause, or a sentence. Fiilleri, sıfatları veya diğer zarfları anlamlandıran kelimelere zarf denir. Zarflar bir cümlede ya bir sıfatı ya da başka bir zarfı niteleyerek derecelerini artırır ya da doğrudan fiili niteler. The adverb expresses some relation of manner or quality, place, time, degree, number, cause, opposition, affirmation, or denial.

 

We use adverbs to describe how we do something. To make an adverb, we usually add “_ly” to the adjective. To make an adverb from adjectives like “comfortable”, we drop the “e” and add “_y”.

 

Adverb modifies an adjective or another adverb, it indicates how much, to what extent, etc.

-    He is very tall.

-    It's an extremely important task.

-    He spoke too loudly.

-    She visits them quite often.

-    A holiday in America can be surprisingly cheap.

 

Adverbs modify a whole sentence:

-    Probably she will leave me alone now. “Muhtemelen”, beni şimdi yalnız bırakacak. “Probably” burada bir zarftır ve ardından gelen bütün bir cümleyi tanımlamaktadır.

-    Unfortunately, he refused to help us.

-    Finally, we arrived in Boston.

-    It would be better, however, to tell him about your plans.

 

Infinitive phrases can act as adverbs (usually telling why):

-    She hurried to the mainland to see her brother.

-    The senator ran to catch the bus.

 

We often use “more and most, less and least” to show degree with adverbs:

-    With sneakers on, she could move more quickly among the patients.

-    The flowers were the most beautifully arranged creations I've ever seen.

-    She worked less confidently after her accident.

-    That was the least skillfully done performance I've seen in years.

 

The “as … as” construction can be used to create adverbs that express sameness or equality:

-    He can't run as fast as his sister.

-    He calls his mother as often as possible.

 

Depending on their meanings, adverbs may be members of more than one group. For example, in the first sentence below the adverb "seriously" is an adverb of manner; in the second sentence, "seriously" is an adverb of degree.

-    "No," he said seriously.

-    She is seriously ill.

There are other types of adverbs, for example, adverbs of consequence (consequently, hence, so, as a result); adverbs of purpose (intentionally, purposely, so as), etc. For easier study, it is helpful to organize adverbs in small groups or subgroups, with typical examples of use.

 

Adverbs can describe to what extent something was done or an action was executed, including:

very, too, almost, also, only, enough, so, quite, and rather. Mostly: of all the options, this is the majority.

Almost: good enough but not perfect.

Nearly: very close to the optimal position but not quite there. Hardly: seldom

Hereby: bu vesile ile, böylelikle

 

Adverbial Clause:

-    He was ill, therefore, he couldn’t come.

-    No doubt, I feel, I will pass.

 

 

Interrogative words such as "when, where, why, how" are use as adverbs in questions and as conjunctions introducing subordinate clauses.

-    When will she come back?

-    Where do you live?

-    Why are you late?

-    How did you do it?

-    I don't know when she will come back.

-    I know where you live.

-    I want to know why you are late.

-    Tell me how you did it.

 

Adverb answers the questions words "where, when, how, …". With a verb: He drove slowly. ( How did he drive?)

With an adjective: He drove very fast the car. ( How did he drive his car?)

With another adverb: She moved quite slowly down the aisle. (How slowly did she move?)

-    Please do it quickly. (How do I do it?)

-    She will leave tomorrow. (When will she leave?)

-    We live here. (Where do you live?)

 

Adverbs are used as interrogative words in questions.

-    When are you leaving?

-    How often does he go there?

 

Adverbial prepositional phrases, like adverbs, modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs or prepositions, and answer the same range of questions as adverbs:

-    When? after the party, at midnight

-    Where? at the station, near London

-    Why? for my sake, because of the cold

 

 

Adjectives are used in the function of attributes and usually stand before the nouns that they modify. Adverbs are used in the function of adverbial modifiers and usually stand after verbs. Compare:

-    It was early morning. – He got up early.

-    It is a daily newspaper. – He calls them daily.

-    a backward movement – to move backward(s);

-    hard work – to work hard;

-    in the late fall – to come back late;

-    a straight line – to stand straight.

-    We had a long conversation. – How long did they stay there?

 

An adjective is used in the predicative after a linking verb (be, become, seem, appear, look, feel); an adverb is used after a notional verb. Compare:

-    She is beautiful. – She sings beautifully.

-    He looks sad. – He sighed sadly.

 

Adjective "fast": She is fast. – Adverb "fast": She drives fast.

 

 

Note that the verb "be" can be a notional verb (meaning: to be located in some place), and in such cases the verb "be" is usually followed by an adverbial modifier of place (in the form of an adverb of place or an adverbial phrase of place).

-    Your room is upstairs.

-    Who's there?

-    His books are on the table.

-    He is here.

 

 

Nearly: almost, but not quite or not completely [= almost]

 

Adverbs have two forms, one that ends in -ly and one that doesn't. In certain cases, the two forms have different meanings:

-    He arrived late.

-    Lately, he couldn't seem to be on time for anything.

 

An adverb may be a single word (often, today, slowly, why) or an adverbial phrase (at first; every year; for a long time).

 

One-word adverbs are divided into simple (fast, never, now, there, very), derivative (generously, noticeably, quickly, unexpectedly), and compound (anywhere, downstairs, outside, sometimes).

 

Degrees of comparison of adverbs are formed in the same way as degrees of comparison of adjectives, that is, with the help of the suffixes "er, est" or the adverbs "more, most" depending on the number of syllables.

 

Sequencing adverbs:

We use sequencing adverbs to say in what order things happen. Sequencing adverbs: first, next, then, finally.

 

Ving + Noun, Prepositional phrases frequently have adverbial functions: telling place and time, modifying the verb.

 

Two-word adverbial modifiers:

Adverbial modifiers consisting of two or more words are placed at the end of the sentence after the main verb (or after the object, if any). Possible positions of adverbial modifiers of time and frequency consisting of one word are described below.

 

Two-word adverbs and adverbial modifiers with prepositions are placed at the end of the sentence after the verb (or after the object, if any). If there are several adverbial modifiers, the adverbial modifier of place is usually placed before the adverbial modifier of time.

-    They stayed in his house for about an hour.

-    Professor Benson usually has two classes at the university every day.

-    My new neighbors often read a good book in their garden after breakfast.

-    He arrived in Vienna by train at 7:00 a.m. on Thursday.

 

A number of adverbs have the suffix "ly": simply, happily, probably, usually; other adverbs have no suffix: often, never, maybe, here, there; adverbs also may be in the same form as adjectives: fast, far, hard, low, early, daily, weekly.

-    It is his daily work. (daily – adjective) He studies daily. (daily – adverb)

-    That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.

 

In most cases, however, the form without the -ly ending should be reserved for casual situations:

-    She certainly drives slowly in that old Buick of hers.

-    He did wrong by her.

-    He spoke sharp, quick, and to the point.

 

Derivative adverbs are formed from adjectives with the help of the suffix "ly". To make an adverb from adjectives like “happy” and “angry”, we drop the “ y “ and add “_ily”. To make an adverb  from adjectives like “comfortable”, we drop the “ e” and add “_y”. Sıfat ya da ismin sonuna “ly” ekleyerek oluşan zarflar genellikle “… bir şekilde”, ya da “bir biçimde” anlamını alır. Diğer anlamlar ise:

Clever (adj): zeki – cleverly (adv): zekice

Suspicious (adj): şüpheli – suspiciously (adv): şüpheyle, şüpheli bir biçimde Last (adj): son – lastly (adv): son olarak, en sonunda

Wide (adj): geniş – widely (adv): genş ölçüde

active – actively; actual – actually; angry – angrily; awful – awfully;

basic – basically; considerable – considerably; convincing – convincingly; cruel – cruelly; dishonest – dishonestly; dry – dryly; easy – easily; endless – endlessly; excited – excitedly; frank – frankly; full – fully; gradual – gradually; historical – historically;

incorrect – incorrectly; interesting – interestingly; irresponsible – irresponsibly; loud (adjective) – loudly (adverb); obvious – obviously;

polite – politely; poor – poorly; probable – probably; quick – quickly;

rare – rarely; ready – readily; reasonable – reasonably; silent – silently; slow – slowly; shy – shyly; temporary – temporarily; terrible – terribly; true – truly; typical – typically;

unexpected – unexpectedly; unhappy – unhappily; whole – wholly; wise – wisely.

 

Sonu “ly” ile biten her kelime zarf olarak düşünülmemelidir. Çünkü “ly” takısı bir ismin sonuna getirildiğinde genellikle zarf değil sıfat elde edilir. (friend – friendly)

"fatherly, friendly, lively, lonely, lovely, manly, silly, ugly". (Some American dictionaries list the adverbs "friendly, lonelily, sillily, uglily", but such adverbs are rarely used.) Adverbial phrases are generally used in such cases.

-    He is friendly. – He spoke with them in a friendly manner.

-    His behavior was silly. – He behaved in a silly way.

Bazı zarflar -ly ile bitmemektedir: Everywhere, here, never, so, fast, much, rather, well.

A number of adverbs are in the same form as adjectives. Miscellaneous adjectives and adverbs in the same form: far, fast, hard, high, late, long, low, near, straight. Düzensiz zarflar: fast, late, early, hard. (Düzensiz zarfların bazıları sıfatlar ile aynıdır.) Good (adj) – well (adv)

Some adjectives and adverbs with the suffix "ly":

early (adj.) – early (adv.); daily (adj.) – daily (adv.);

weekly (adj.) – weekly (adv.); monthly (adj.) – monthly (adv.); only (adj.) – only (adv.).

 

 

Adjectives with the suffix "ward" and adverbs with the suffix "ward" or "wards".

forward (adj.) – forward (adv.); backward (adj.) – backward (adv.), backwards (adv.); westward – westward, westwards; southward – southward, southwards.

 

“late” zarfı “lately” ile karıştırılmamalıdır. “lately: son zamanlarda” anlamındadır. Aynı şekilde “hardly: neredeyse hiç, zar zor” anlamındadır.” Hardly”, anlam olarak olumsuzluk ifade ettiği için grammer olarak olumlu yanıtlarda kullanılır.

-    We know hardly anyone in this neighbourhood. Bu muhitte nerede ise hiç kimseyi tanımıyoruz.

 

 

 

Depending on their function and meaning, adverbs may stand before adjectives, before other adverbs, after verbs, at the end of sentences, at the beginning of sentences.

-    This song is very popular.

-    Mike learned the lyrics very quickly.

-    He sings beautifully.

-    He sings this song beautifully.

-    Sometimes, Mike and his sister sing this song together.

 

Some adverbs of frequency can stand before the verb in the simple tenses and between the auxiliary and the main verb in the perfect tenses.

-    How often does he sing this song? Does he sing it often?

-    He never sings this song. He often sings this song. He sings it very often.

-    He has already sung it. He has sung it already.

 

We can put adverbs and adverb phrases at the front, in the middle or at the end of a clause. The three main positions of adverbs in English sentences:

 

Adverb at the beginning of a sentence

-    Unfortunately, we could not see Mount Snowdon.

-    Suddenly I felt afraid.

-    Yesterday detectives arrested a man and a woman in connection with the murder.

Adverb at the end of a sentence

-    Andy reads a comic every afternoon.

-    Why do you always have to eat so fast?

 

Adverb in the middle of a sentence

-    The children often ride their bikes.

-    Apples always taste best when you pick them straight off the tree.

 

Where there is more than one verb, mid position means after the first auxiliary verb or after a modal verb:

-    The government has occasionally been forced to change its mind. (after the first auxiliary verb)

-    You can definitely never predict what will happen. (after a modal verb)

-    We mightn’t ever have met. (after the modal verb and before the auxiliary verb)

 

In questions, mid position is between the subject and the main verb:

-    Do you ever think about living there?

 

 

Adverbs usually come after the main verb be, except in emphatic clauses:

-    She’s always late for everything.

 

When be is emphasised, the adverb comes before the verb:

-    Why should I have gone to see Madonna? I never was a fan of hers.(emphatic)

 

More than one adverb at the end of a sentence

If there are more adverbs at the end of a sentence, the word order is normally: Manner –Place – Time

-    Peter sang the song happily in the bathroom yesterday evening.

 

Bir cümlede birden fazla “Adverb” varsa belirli bir sıralama takip eder.

Manner – Place – Time, Usual sequence:

-    He read the book carefully in his room yesterday.

Place – manner- time:

-    He drove home in a hurry two hours ago.

Place – manner – frequency – time:

-    Terry read the book in his room with great interest twice yesterday.

 

The modifiers of place, time, frequency, and manner are often expressed by adverbs or by nouns with prepositions and are placed at the end of the sentence after the main verb or after the object if there is an object. According to their meanings, adverbs are divided into the following main groups: adverbs of manner; adverbs of time; adverbs of frequency; adverbs of place; adverbs of degree.

 

Adverbs of manner:

Adverbs would be words that how something was done or the manner in which it was done. These would be words like: uneasily, weirdly, cheerfully, expertly, angrily, attentively, badly, calmly, carefully, coldly, deeply, easily, fast, gratefully, greedily, happily, honestly, kindly, loudly, nervously, patiently, politely, proudly, quietly, quickly, reluctantly, sadly, seriously, sincerely, slowly, softly, tenderly, thoughtfully, warmly, well, willingly, wisely, etc.

-    She waited patiently.

-    He walks too slowly.

-    He closed the door slowly.

-    He sincerely hopes that she will come back.

-    She quickly understood her mistake.

-    She moved slowly and spoke quietly.

-    He got up quickly.

-    She does everything well.

-    The maid does her work satisfactorily.

-    He drives very fast.

-    He ate the food hungrily.

-    We came here by train.

-    He opened the door with a key.

-    She swims really well.

-    Don’t go so fast.

-    Actually, I don’t know her.

 

 

Adverbs of frequency: Sıklık zarfları

The adverbs of frequency "often, generally, frequently, rarely, regularly, sometimes" are often placed between the subject and the main verb in the simple tenses but may also be placed after the main verb (or after the object, if any). The adverbs of frequency: again, always, annually, constantly, daily, ever, every day, every week, frequently, never, occasionally, often, periodically, seldom, twice, usually, weekly.

-    He often goes to the park.

-    I usually get up at eight.

-    She visits them every day. She visits them sometimes.

-    I have never seen this film.

-    Have you ever been to Boston?

-    He often goes to the park. He goes to the park often.

-    We rarely buy food in that store.

-    He frequently visited them last year. He visited them frequently last year.

-    They go to concerts often.

-    He calls her every day.

-    He writes to her regularly.

-    She goes shopping once or twice a week.

-    She takes the boat to the mainland every day.

-    She often goes by herself.

-    He only lent this pen to me.

-    She sometimes forgets her homework.

-    He is genarelly busy at this hour.

-    I’m always losing my keys.

 

Adverbs of frequency "usually, always, never, seldom" are placed between the subject and the main verb in the simple tenses but are usually placed after the verb "be".

-    They seldom talk about it.

-    She usually buys bread, cheese, and milk in this grocery store.

-    He always asks me this question.

-    He is always late.

-    He is never home before seven.

-    The buses are usually full in this city.

-    She is always a good girl.

 

Adverbs of time:

The adverbs of time are placed between the two parts of the predicate in the perfect tenses: already, just, never, ever. The adverbs of time can also stand after the main verb: already.

Adverbs that tell when an action occurred, or its time, include: Now, first, last, early, yesterday, tomorrow, today, later, afterwards, ago (e.g., two hours ago), already, early, immediately, just, late, lately, later, long, now, once, recently, soon, still, then, today, tomorrow, when, yesterday, yet.

-    He arrived an hour ago.

-    He has already done it.

-    She is still working.

-    I will see her soon.

-    She didn't have to wait long.

-    How long have you been here?

-    She has already left.

-    She has just called me.

-    I have never been to Mexico.

-    Have you ever seen this film?

-    They had already left for London by the time he arrived in Paris.

-    I'm going to see him tomorrow.

-    I spoke to him an hour ago.

-    He saw her before leaving.

-    I went to work after class.

-    She was sick yesterday.

-    The meeting was at ten o'clock last Friday.

-    She tries to get back before dark.

-    I never get up early at the weekends.

-    She finished her tea first.

If there are two auxiliary verbs in a tense form, the adverb is usually placed after the first auxiliary verb. "Already" may also stand after the second auxiliary verb, for example, in the Future Perfect.

-    He has never been asked such questions.

-    He may already have called them.

-    His plane will already have landed by the time we get to the airport.

-    He will have already left for London by Friday.

 

Some one-word adverbs of time or frequency, for example, "today, tomorrow, yesterday, sometimes, usually", are sometimes placed at the beginning of the sentence before the subject (usually for emphasis).

-    Yesterday I talked to Jim.

-    Tomorrow we are leaving.

-    Suddenly the rain started.

-    Sometimes she stays at this hotel for a few days.

-    Usually, she has a cheese sandwich in the morning, but today she is eating scrambled eggs for breakfast.

 

Adverbs of Purpose:

-    She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.

-    She shops in several stores to get the best buys.

-    She moved slowly and spoke quietly.

-    Walk across the road carefully!

-    She smiled cheerfully; the word.

-    The house was spotlessly clean.

-    Can you move it carefully? It’s fragile.

 

Adverbs of Place:

Adverbs tell the place of an action, or where it occurred. Adverbs like this would be: here, there, everywhere, somewhere, in, inside, underground, out, outside, upstairs, downstairs, above, anywhere, below, far, far away, near, nowhere, outside, where.

-    She has lived on the island all her life. She still lives there now.

-    I will wait her there.

-    I saw them going down.

-    They live on Main Street.

-    The bedrooms are upstairs.

-    She has to go to the bank.

-    They spent their vacation at the lake.

-    He works here.

-    I looked everywhere, but I didn't find my key.

-    Where are they? They are inside.

-    When we got there, the tickets had sold out.

-    I haven’t seen them recently.

-    The bathroom’s upstairs on the left.

-    You have to turn it clockwise.

Adverbs of direction (anywhere, back, backwards, eastwards, here, inside, there, upstairs, where, etc.) are often included in this group, and the group is usually called "Adverbs of place and direction".

-    The difference between adverbs of place and adverbs of direction is in their meaning. For example: Where are you?

-    Where are you going?

 

Compare the adverb of place "far" with the adverb of direction "far":

-    They live too far from the station.

-    They went too far into the woods and got lost.

 

Adverbs of degree:

Almost, badly, barely, completely, considerably, deeply, enough, extremely, fully, hardly, highly, little, much, nearly, quite, rather, really, scarcely, seriously, so, too, very.

-    I almost forgot.

-    He could hardly move.

-    Thank you very much.

-    It was completely unnecessary.

-    This film is quite good.

-    She is old enough to understand such things.

-    I know him well enough.

-    It happened so quickly.

-    She eats too much.

-    Why does it surprise you so much?

-    It’s rather cold, isn’t it?

 

 

When a group of words not containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb, it is called an adverbial phrase. An adverbial phrase describes where, when or how often something happens.

 

Adverbial phrases of frequency describe how often something happens.

every morning, every afternoon; every day – daily

every week – weekly; every month – monthly; every year – annually every Sunday – on Sundays – on Sunday afternoons

once a day; twice a day three / four / five times a day all the time

 

Adverbs of frequency often use in present simple sentences.

-    I have toast for breakfast every day.

-    We visit our grandparents twice a month.

 

Note that ‘on Saturday’ refers to one day. ‘On Saturdays’ means ‘every Saturday’.

 

Adverbs of frequency in the wrong place:   We every day go  the park.       We go to the park every day.

The plural form with every is wrong: John goes swimming every days. John goes  swimming every day.

 

Use adverbs and adverbial phrases of time to talk about when you do something. Adverbs of time include: today, tomorrow, tonight, yesterday, tomorrow, nowadays; now, first of all, beforehand; soon, afterwards, later, next, then

Adverbs of time usually use at the beginning or the end of a sentence or clause.

-    Tomorrow, I’m going to the beach. I’m going to the beach tomorrow.

-    First of all, we had a drink at a café. We had a drink at a café first of all.

-    I’m going to the supermarket, and afterwards I’m going to the library. I’m going to the supermarket, and I’m going to the library afterwards.

 

It is more common to use “then” at the beginning of a sentence or clause.

-    Then we arrived at the castle.

-    I’m going to finish my work and then I’m going to have a drink.

 

It is more common to use “soon” and “now” at the end of a sentence.

-    We’re going on holiday soon.

-    I’m going home now.

 

 

Don’t use an adverb of time between the subject and the object of a sentence.

-    I went yesterday to the zoo. I went to the zoo yesterday. / Yesterday I went to the zoo.

-    I’m going now to the bank. I’m going to the bank now.

 

You must use a noun after “After” and “Before”. Otherwise, use “afterwards” or “beforehand”.

-    I’ll be late to class tomorrow. I’m going to the doctors before.

-    I’ll be late to class tomorrow. I’m going to the doctors beforehand.

-    I’m going to my English class and  I’m going to the bar after. I’m going to my English class and I’m going to the bar afterwards.

 

Use adverbs and adverbial phrases of place to talk about where something happens. Adverbs of place include: outside, inside, indoors, upstairs, downstairs; (over) here, (over) there; abroad, overseas

Adverbs of place usually go after a verb.

-    She lives abroad.

-    Let’s go indoors.

 

Adverbs of place can also go after the object of the sentence.

-    Rachel works in the office upstairs.

-    Your bag is on the table over there.

 

The adverb "much"

The adverb "much" is frequently used in interrogative and negative sentences. In affirmative sentences, the adverb "much" is used mostly after "very, so, too".

-    Does he work much?

-    He doesn't work much.

-    It didn't interest him very much.

-    Thank you very much for your help.

-    He complains too much.

-    She misses him so much.

-      I doubt it very much.

 

The adverb "very": very + adj

The adverb "very" is used with adjectives, with participles used as adjectives, and with adverbs. For example:

-    It was very cold.

-    This book is very interesting.

-    He is very tired.

-    He said it very slowly.

 

"Very" is not used with verbs and with those past participles which are closer to verbs than to adjectives. "Very much" is used instead of "very" in such cases. For example:

-    I like it very much.

-    His latest book was very much criticized.

 

The adverb "enough"

The adverb "enough" usually stands after the adjective or adverb that it modifies.

-    It's not good enough.

-    She did it quickly enough.

-    He stayed there long enough to understand what happened.

 

The adverbs "somewhere, anywhere, nowhere"

The adverb "somewhere" is used in affirmative sentences; the adverb "anywhere" replaces it in interrogative and negative sentences. The adverb "nowhere" is usually used in short answers. For example:

-    I'll try to find this book somewhere.

-    I haven't seen it anywhere.

-    Are you going anywhere tonight?

-    Where did you go? – Nowhere.

Good and well; bad and badly

"Good" and "bad" are adjectives; the corresponding adverbs are "well" and "badly". Examples: Adjective "good":

-    This book is good.

-    He is good at geography.

-    This music makes him feel good.

-    He looks good.

 

Adjective "bad":

-    This road is bad.

-    He feels bad.

-    He looks bad.

 

Note that adjectives (not adverbs) are used after linking verbs in English; i.e., the adjectives "good, bad" are used after the linking verbs "feel, look" in the examples above.

Adverb "well":

-    The baby eats and sleeps well.

-    He knows it well.

 

Adverb "badly":

-    The boys behaved badly.

-    He sings badly.

 

Note that "well" can be an adjective (meaning: healthy).

-    Are you well? I don't feel well.

-    She looked well, and she didn't have a headache.

 

In informal speech, "good" and "bad" are sometimes used as adverbs (instead of the adverbs "well" and "badly"), which is considered to be incorrect. For example, the sentence "He played good" is incorrect and should be changed to "He played well".

 

The adverb "badly" is often used after the verb "feel" in informal speech, for example, "He feels badly about it". It is advisable for language learners to use an adjective after "feel" in such cases: He feels bad about it.

The adverb "badly" is often used in the meaning "very much" in informal speech:

-    I need it badly.

-    His car was badly damaged.

 

Rather: oldukça, epeyce, bir hayli

“Rather” zarf olarak sıfatları ya da başka zarfları nitleler.

-    The question was rather difficult.

Also, As well, Too: üstelik, keza, dahi, de, da

The adverbs “also, as well and too” have similar meanings, but they do not go in the same position in sentences. “Also” is usually used with the verb. “Too and as well” usually go at the end of a sentence or clause. Note that “as well” is not very common in American English.

-    She gave me money as well. Üstelik bana para da verdi.

-    If you study your lessons, I will give you a chocolate and an apple as well.

-    He not only plays; he also works.

-    He was fat, and he was also short.

-    He not only plays; he works as well.

-    He was fat, he was short as well.

-    He not only plays; he works too.

-    He was fat, he was short too.

 

The adverbs “also, as well and too” can refer to different parts of a clause, depending on the meaning. The exact meaning is usually conveyed by stressing the word or phrase that “also, as well, too” refers to.

 

“As well and too” can be used in imperatives and short answers. Also is not usually used in these sentences.

-    She is pretty. “Her sister is (pretty) as well.” Is more natural than “Her sister is also”

-    I have got the invitation. “I have too” is more natural than “I have also”

 

Note that in informal speech, we often use “me too” as a short answer.

-    I am going home. “Me too.” Is less formal than “So am I” or “I am too”

 

When used at the beginning of a clause, “also” can refer to the whole of it.

-    It is a small house. Also, it needs a lot of repairs.

 

In a very formal style, “too” can be used immediately after the subject.

-    I, too, have been in such situations.

 

“May /Might /Could + as well” yapısı olasılık ifade etmez ve “bari yapalım” anlamındadır, “may/might/could well” yapısı ile karıştırılmamalıdır.

-    There is no bus at this time. We may as well walk home. Bu vakitte otobüs yoktur. Bari eve yürüyelim.

 

Qualification: Niteleme

 

"very" and "much":

"Very" is used with the positive degree of adjectives and adverbs.

-    It was very warm yesterday. He was very serious.

-    This film is very interesting. He will do it very quickly.

 

"Much" is used with the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs.

-    It is much warmer today.

-    He was much more serious at that time.

-    This film is much more interesting than that film.

-    He will do it much more quickly next time.

 

"Very" may be used with the superlative degree of some adjectives (for example, best, worst, first, last) to emphasize the superlative adjective: the very best quality; on the very first day.

 

 

Niteleyici kelimelerden en çok kullanılanlar:

 

•   a little / a bit: biraz

•   much / far ; a lot; lots (çok)

•   somewhat: bir miktar, biraz

- The death of that market is somewhat overblown.

•   Rather: oldukça, epeyce, bir hayli

•   Even: da

 

Quantifiers are adjectives and adjectival phrases that give approximate or specific answers to the questions "How much?" and "How many?" The quantifiers are used to give someone information about the number of something: how much or how many. Particularly with abstract nouns such  as time, money, trouble, etc.

 

“Very + adjective /adverb” is used to emphasize an adjective, adverb, or phrase

 

The words “some” and “any” are used for countable and uncountable nouns. In general, we could use “some” in possitive sentence with meaning “a few / a little” and “any” with meaning “none” in negative clauses or a “few / a little” in questions

 

How much + uncountable noun How many + countable noun

 

Few /a few /many + countable noun

As a noun, many= many people, few= few people

-    Many heard about the book, but few read it.

This case: many= many people, few= few people

-    The forces were unequal, they were many we were few. Few/a few/many: countable noun (forces)

 

Much + uncountable noun (mean a large amount of something) Some + uncountable noun/plural noun (use in narrative sentence)

Any + uncountable noun/plural noun (use in negative and question sentence) a little/little + uncountable noun

-    I don’t have much money.

-    You should say little and do much.

 

So + much noun, so + many noun: so much paper, so many problems

 

A great deal of, a good deal of: epeyce (countable and uncountable)

-    There are a great deal of books in your bag.

-    A great deal of books are in your bag.

-    There is a great deal of milk left in your glass.

-    A great deal of milk is left in your glass.

 

The quantifier is used in the place of a determiner:

-    Most children start school at the age of five.

-    We ate some bread and butter.

 

We      use    “so” rather         than “very” before “much and many” in affirmative clauses         to emphasize a very large quantity of something:

-    He has so much money!

-    There were so many jobs to do.

 

 

Many, several, a few, few, fewer, both, each, either, neither, several, a number (of), a large number of, a great number of, a majority of

Structure: Quantifiers + Sayılabilen tekil isim + Tekil fiil

 

Many are used with plural and countable noun:

-    Many students came to the lecture.

-    Many of them were third-year students.

-    The other books that I bought are on the table.

 

Several + countable nouns: birkaç

Many + countable nouns: çok (many, more, most) Few: az (few, comparitve: fewer, superlative: fewest)

·     “A few”, some anlamına gelir ama “many” anlamına gelmez. “A few”, biraz anlamındadır.

·     “A few + Countable noun” ile biraz anlamındadır. Olumlu, yeterlidir.

·     “Few + Countable noun” ile biraz anlamındadır. Olumsuz, yetersizdir.

-    I've done it a times.

-    Many students came to the lecture.

-    Many of them were third-year students.

-    According to the studies, dolphins, whales and many other sea creatures use highly sophisticated navigation systems.

-    There are many people in this town.

-      I admire him because he has a few problems.

-    I have a few friends.

-    I have a few financial difficulties.

-    Do you have a few minutes?

-    Many children suffer from loneliness in urban areas.

 

Many of: _nın çoğu

-    He may be responsible for many of the problems, but you can’t blame everything on him. Sorunların çoğunun sorumlusu o olabilir ama herşeyi de ona yükleyemezsin.

 

So many/few + (noun) + that + Clause: o kadar … ki, (So /that)

“So" can be combined with "many" or "few" plus a plural noun to show extremes in amount. This form is often used in exclamations.

-    There were so many apples that we didn’t know where to put them all. Öyle çok elma vardı ki hepsini nereye koyacağımızı bilemedik.

-    There is so few good jobs that people are looking for jobs in other states.

-    There were so many that we didn’t know where to put them all. Öyle çok vardı ki hepsini nereye koyacağımızı bilemedik.

 

Much /little + uncountable noun

“A little” + Sayılamayan isim ile biraz anlamındadır. Olumlu, yeterlidir.

“ little” + Sayılamayan isim ile biraz anlamındadır. Olumsuz, yetersizdir.

Çok anlamına gelen “much” yapısı genellikle olumsuz cümlelerde ve soru cümlelerinde kullanılır. Olumlu cümlelerde genellikle özne olarak kullanılır. Özne dışında olumlu cümlelerde kullanılırken “so / very / too” ile kullanılmalıdır.

 

A little

Little (little, comparative: less, superlative: least)

-    I've only read a little of the book so far- just the first couple of chapters.

-    There isn’t much rain in the desert.

-    How much money do you spend a day?

-    I don’t like her much.

-    I am lucky because there is a little water in the bottle.

-    We were able to arrive at the airport on time because there was a little traffic.

-    She didn’t eat anything, but she drank a little coffee.

 

Much: (much, comparative: more, superlative: most)

 

Much of: _nın çoğu

-    Much of the content of his work.

-    Much of the money was spent for the decoration.

 

A much:

-    Outside the bright primary rainbow, a much fainter secondary rainbow may be visible.

This sentence shows that there are two rainbown: one bright and one fain

 

A lot of:

If the noun after the phrase "a lot of" is uncountable (singular), the singular form of the verb is used. If the noun after the phrase "a lot of" is plural countable, the plural form of the verb is used.

-    There is a lot of snow on the roof.

-    There are a lot of people in the park.

-    A lot of tourists come to this small village every autumn.

 

 

A lot of, lots of:

“A lot of” and “lots of” have the same meaning: they both mean a large amount or number of people or things. Be careful: a common mistake is to use “'a lot” or “lots” instead of “a lot of” or “lots of” before the noun. Remember: you can use both “a lot of” and 'lots of' with plural and uncountable nouns (but not use “lots” or “a lot” before the noun.)

-    He earns a lot of money.

-    There are lots of people here today.

-    They have had lots of homework in mathematics recently.

-    There are lots of cars. or There are a lot of cars.

 

with countable nouns:

-    A lot of people went to the game. Halkın çoğu oyuna gitti.

-    Lots of people went to the game. Halkın çoğunluğu oyuna gitti.

 

with uncountable nouns:

-    A lot of snow falls in winter.

-    Lots of snow falls in winter.

-    I like to drink a lot of coffee. Çok kahve içmekten hoşlanırım.

-    There are a lot of cars in the car park. Araba parkında çok araba var.

-    I went shopping and spent a lot of money.

-    A lot of computers are needed at schools.

 

A lot, lots:

“A lot” means very often or very much. “A lot” is an adverb. It is used as an adverb. It often comes at the end of a sentence and never before a noun. It describes the verb.

-    I saw him a lot

-    I like basketball a lot.

-    She's a lot happier now than she was.

-    I don't go there a lot anymore.

 

Comparative of adj/adv: Short: adj/adv + er + than, Long: More + adj/adv + than

Comparison of Equality: as + adj /adv+ as

The Compared things must be equal; person to person, objet to object.

The two basic ways to compare are using “than” and “as ... as”.

-    Total weight of all the ants in the world is much greater than that of all human beings.(that

=total weight of all the ants)

-    The salary of a bus driver is much higher than that of a teacher. (that =the salary of a bus driver)

 

 

Comparative of adj/adv:

Short: adj /adv + er + than Long: More + adj/adv + than

 

One-syllable adjectives form the comparative degrees by adding the suffixes “er”:

cheap, cheaper; cold, colder; high, higher; large, larger; short, shorter; long, longer; tall, taller; loud, louder; new, newer; nice, nicer; soft, softer; sweet, sweeter; tough, tougher; wise, wiser.

-    Your sister is tall. My sister is taller than your sister.

-    My house is smaller than your house.

-    Your car is larger than mine.

-    His brother is harder working than mine.

 

If an adjective ends in a single consonant preceded by a single “vowel”, the consonant is doubled before adding “er”:

big, bigger; fat, fatter; hot, hotter; sad, sadder; thin, thinner; wet, wetter.

-    New York is much bigger than Boston.

-    France is a bigger country than Britain.

-    He is a better player than Ronaldo.

 

If an adjective ends in mute “e”, the letter “e” is dropped before adding “er”: blue, bluer; brave, braver; close, closer; fine, finer; pale, paler; rude, ruder; simple, simpler; wide, wider.

If an adjective ends in "y" usually form the comparative degrees by adding “ier”.

angry, angrier; crazy, crazier; busy, busier; easy, easier; early, earlier; noisy, noisier; dirty, dirtier; heavy, heavier; happy, happier; lucky, luckier; pretty, prettier; silly, sillier; sunny, sunnier;

-    The Dead Sea is eight or nine times saltier than the oceans of the world. The Dead Sea is so rich in salt and other minerals that humans float naturally on the surface

 

If final “y” is preceded by a vowel, “y” doesn't change before adding “er”: gray, grayer.

Two-syllable adjectives ending in "y, er, ow" often have variants with “more”:

lazy, lazier /more lazy; fancy, fancier /more fancy; friendly, friendlier /more friendly; lovely, lovelier /more lovely; risky, riskier /more risky; clever, cleverer /more clever;

 

The choice of “er” or “more” in the case of disyllabic adjectives ending in "y, er, ow" depends to some extent on preferences in usage, on what sounds better or more natural to an English speaker in the given sentence. On the whole, variants formed with the help of “er” are more traditional and more widely used than those with “more”.

 

Two-syllable adjectives ending in "er, ow" usually form the comparative degrees by adding “er”. clever, cleverer; narrow, narrower.

 

Most two-syllable adjectives, and including adjectives ending in the suffixes "al, ant, ent, ish, ive, ic, ous, ful, less", form the comparative degrees with the help of “more”:

 

active, more active; careless, more careless; eager, more eager; tragic, more tragic; famous, more famous; foolish, more foolish; useful, more useful; modern, more modern; private, more private.

-    Laura is more selfish than Anita.

-    People say that health is more important than money.

-    My car is more economical than the one I had before.

-    The solar calendar the Egyptians developed was more accurate and sophisticated than the Mesopotamian lunar calendar.

 

There are some other disyllabic adjectives which have variant forms with “er” or “more”, for example, quiet, simple, stable, noble, gentle, common, polite, pleasant, handsome.

Though both variants are considered correct, the following comparative forms seem to be more frequently used for these adjectives at present:

quieter; simpler; gentler, more gentle; more stable; more noble; more common; more polite.

-    These questions are simpler than those.

-    She is more polite than her sister.

 

Adjectives consisting of three or more syllables form the comparative degrees by using “more” before the adjective:

beautiful, more beautiful; comfortable, more comfortable; dangerous, more dangerous; difficult, more difficult; successful, more successful; expensive, more expensive; important, more important; intelligent, more intelligent; interesting, more interesting;

-    This book is interesting. This book is more interesting than that one.

-    John has a difficult task. My task is more difficult than John's task. I have a more difficult task.

 

An adjective in the comparative form can stand before the noun that it modifies or after the verb “be” in the predicative. For example: Try an easier exercise. This exercise is easier.

 

In everyday speech, phrases like "emptier than; more complete than; more correct than; more honest than; more perfect", etc., are sometimes used.

-    He looks more dead than alive.

-    Karl is more honest than Bart.

-    Now you are more wrong than ever.

 

Karşılaştırılan iki isim arasında eşitliği göstermek için kullanılır.

 

As + adj / adv + as: … kadar

This is used when you are comparing two people, things, and situations. Yorum amaçlı da kullanılır.

-    She speaks as fluently as a native speaker.

-    I'm almost as good in maths as in science.

-    I am as tall as John. John ile aynı boydayım.

-    I'm not as young as you, slow down. Senin kadar genç değilim, yavaşla.

-    Jane works as hard as Gwen, but she has a problem with her style of working. (Jane de Gwen kadar çok çalışıyor ama onun çalışma tazrında bir problem var.)

-    Some of the doctors are paid almost twice as much as the nurses. (Bazı doktorlara hemşirerin neredeyse iki katı ödeme yapılmaktadır.)

-    We must make as few mistakes as possible. Biz mümkün olduğunca az hata yapmalıyız.

-    Your guess is as good as mine. Sizin tahmininiz benim ki kadar iyiydir.

-    Mike is 45 years old and Jack is 45, too. Mike is as old as Jack.

-    Niko and Berke got the same grades from their final exams, so we can say that Niko is as hardworking as Berke.

-    Their father is as old as my father. Onların babası benim babam kadar yaşlıdır.

-    Our garden was as big as that garden. Bizim bahçemiz şu bahçe kadar büyüktü.

-    In some parts of Western Europe, notably in France, Denmark and Sweden, cohabitation has become almost as common as marriage.

 

“as…..as” yapısı negative cümlede kullanıldığında eşitlik ortadan kalmakta, bir farklılıktan bahsedilmektedir.

-    I am not as old as Selly. = Sell is older than me.

-    This book is not as exciting as the last one.

-    Turkish is not quite as difficult as Chinese.

-    He's not as stupid as he looks!

-    John and James are identical twins. However, you can distinguish them because John is not as tall as James.

-    Roosen LTD. and Sintek CO. are two companies in the United States. Nevertheless, Roosen LTD is not as big as Sintek CO.

Constructions "as...as; not as...as"

The construction "as...as" indicates approximately the same degree. The constructions "not as...as; not so...as" indicate a lesser degree and are less formal than the constructions with "less".

-    Lena is as tall as her father. Lena is as attractive as her mother.

-    Mike is not as tall as his father. (Mike is shorter than his father. Mike's father is taller than Mike.)

-    The remake of the film is not so interesting as the original version.

-    This ring is not as expensive as that one. (This ring is less expensive than that one. That ring is more expensive than this one.)

-    Bella does not type as fast as Linda. (Bella types more slowly than Linda. Linda types faster than Bella.)

 

The constructions "as...as; not as...as; not so...as" can also be used with some of the adjectives that do not form degrees of comparison or have limitations in their formation.

-    I'm as aware of the consequences as you are.

-    This phenomenon is not as unique as you think.

 

So + adj / adv + as: … kadar (Genellikle negatif cümlelerde)

“So ... as” is used in comparisons to say that something or someone has less of a particular quality than another person or thing. Karşılaştırma cümlelerini olumsuz yapmak için ilk “as” yerine “so” konulur.

-    You aren’t so old as my son. Sen oğlum kadar yaşlı değilsin.

-    The white pencil isn’t so long as the black pencil. Beyaz kalem siyah kalem kadar uzun değildir.

-    Mary doesn’t study so hard as Bob does. Bob studies harder than Mary.

 

“as ... as” ve “so ... as” yapısı arasında daha uzun kelime grupları kullanılabilir.

-    She is viewed as a strong candidate for the presidency as you are.

-    The young actor acts as perfectly in horror films as he does in TV comedies.

-    After the global warming news, people aren’t as / so optimistic about the future of the world as they were in the past.

 

As + many + countable nouns + as,

As + few + countable nouns + as: … kadar

-    There were as many people as I had expected.

-    We have as many customers as them.

-    There are as few houses in his village as in mine.

-    You know as many people as I do.

-    I have visited the States as many times as he has.

-    There are not as many trees in this area as there used to be.

-    We hope to see as few job losses in the company as possible.

As much + uncountable nouns + as,

As little + uncountable nouns + as: … kadar

-    She earns as much as her father.

-    She can eat as much as she wants and she never puts on weight.

-    John eats as much food as Peter.

-    You've heard as much news as I have.

-    He's had as much success as his brother has.

-    They've got as little water as we have.

-    I don’t have as much money as you have.

-    My father puts as little sugar in tea as possible.

 

As/so + adj/adv + as to V: yapacak kadar

-    He isn’t as qualified as to get the post without having some additional training. Biraz ek eğitim almaksızın işe alınacak kadar kalifiye değil.

 

Such + adj + noun+ as to V: yapacak kadar

-    She isn’t such a qualified candidate as to deal with all these diplomatic troubles. Bütün bu diplomatic sıkınlarla baş edck kadar nitelikli bir aday değil.

 

As near as: … e kadar

-    I walked as near as the post office.  Postaneye kadar yürüdüm.

-    We didn’t go as near as the others did. Diğerleri kadar gitmedik.

-    Trading ships could navigate the Tiber as near as Rome.

-    You should stand as near as you can. (Olabildiğiniz kadar yakında durmalısınız.)

 

To talk about future events that are likely to happen.

 

“Like” as a verb:

The verb like can be followed by either the “Ving” form or by an “infinitive”.

 

Like + noun phrase: I like Sarah but I don’t like her brother much. Like + -ing: I like swimming before breakfast.

Like + to-infinitive: I don’t like to cycle in the dark. Like + wh-clause: I don’t like what he did.

-    I like going to the cinema

-    I like to see all the latest movies.

 

Often these two forms (Ving, To V) mean exactly the same thing but there can be a difference between them. When we use “like to” there is an ide that we think is is a good idea, even if not pleasant, and it is probably a regular action.

-    I like to visit the dentist twice a year.

-    I like my children to be in bed by nine.

-    I like to keep fit.

 

“Would like” in offers and requests:

We use “would like” to to make polite offers and requests.

-    Would you like to have lunch one day next week?

-    I'd like to have your opinion.

-    Would you like another coffee?

 

Like as a preposition meaning ‘similar to’:

Used as a preposition, “like” often means 'similar' or 'typical'..

We often use it with verbs of the senses such as look, sound, feel, taste, seem:

-    That looks like Marco’s car.

-    He seems like a nice man.

 

When we use like to mean ‘similar to’, we can put words and phrase such as a bit, just, very, so and more before it to talk about the degree of similarity:

Isn’t that just like the bike we bought you for your birthday?

-    That smells very like garlic.

-    The car was more like a green than a blue colour.

-    Like me, you probably are a bit shocked by his behaviour.

-    What is Harry like? Is he conceited?

-    You look like you need to sit down.

-    I want to do something exciting - like bungee jumping.

-    It is just like him to be late.

Like as a conjunction:

In informal contexts, we can use like as a conjunction instead of as.

-    Like any good cook book will tell you, don’t let the milk boil. (or As any good cook book …)

 

Asking for an example:

Like what?

 

Be like or look like?

We use be like to talk about someone’s character or personality. We use look like to talk about someone’s appearance:

-    What’s your new boss like?

-    What does your father look like?

-    He’s very like me but taller and older!

 

Be like or what is … like?

We can use be like to ask for a description of someone or something (e.g. their appearance, their character, their behaviour):

-    What’s your new apartment like?

 

In informal American English, “like” is used to mean “as if”. (Some people think it is 'incorrect' but you will certainly hear it a lot.)

-    I feel like I am a princess.

-    It was like I was back in the sixties.

 

Don't confuse that with “feel like” meaning “a desire to do something”.

-    I feel like going out for a meal.

-    I don't feel like driving any more today.

 

Unusually for a preposition, “like” can have the adverbs “quite” or “rather” in front of it.

-    It is quite like old times.

-    It is rather like it was before we had computers.

 

Uuseful phrases using like:

Come when you like:

-    You are always welcome. Come when you like.

 

Do as you like:

-    It is entirely your choice. Do as you like.

 

“If you like” is used to make suggestions:

-    We could go later, if you like.

 

 

“Like this” is used when you are demonstrating something:

-    You put the paper in here like this.

“Eat like a horse” means to eat in large quantities:

-    Kate eats like a horse but she never seems to put on any weight.

“Feel like a million” means that you feel really good:

-    I have met a new girl. I feel like a million.

 

“Go like clockwork” means that it happens without problems:

-    The launch of the new product went like clockwork.

 

“Like a bat out of hell” means very fast:

-    He drove like a bat out of hell. I was scared.

 

“Like a fish out of water” means that the person does not fit in at all:

-    He knows a lot about accounting but he is like a fish out of water in marketing.

 

If something sells “like hot cakes”, it sells really well:

-    The new iphone is selling like hot cakes.

 

If you go “out like a light”, you fall asleep immediately:

-    He was so tired that he went out like a light when he lay on the sofa.

 

If you sleep well, you “sleep like a log”:

-    I slept really well. I slept like a log.

 

If you “watch like a hawk”, you watch really closely:

-    I didn't trust him so I watched him like a hawk for the whole time he was here. He didn't do anything wrong.

 

If news “spreads like wildfire”, everybody hears it very quickly:

-    Reports of their argument spread like wildfire through the company.

 

The more … the more,

The more + clause + the more + clause: ne kadar… o kadar …

The comparative degree is also used in parallel constructions of the type "the more...the more".

-    The more I know about men the more I like animals. İnsanları ne kadar tanırsam hayvanları o kadar çok seviyorum.

-    The more you work, the more you earn.

-    The more I think about this project, the less I like it.

-    The more an organization depends on collaborative arrangements, the more likely it is to lose control over decisions. (The more you work, the more you earn.)

 

More and more: Gittikçe artan veya azalan işler anlatılır.

_er and _er : Gittikçe artan veya azalan işler anlatılır.

When we want to describe how something or someone changes we can use two comparatives with “and”.

-    The weather is getting colder and colder.

-    Life is getting more and more difficult.

 

The sooner + clause, the better + clause: ne kadar … olursa o kadar … iyi olur.

-    The sooner you come early, the better it is. Ne kadar erken gelirsen iyi olur.

-    My father doesn't own a factory. I don't even know where he is. Anyway, the sooner I get a job, the sooner I can open a bank account. I got to buy some clothes.

-    The sooner I get a job, the quicker I can pay my loans

-    The longer she stayed there, the better she felt.

 

Qualities of one and the same person or thing:

Generally, the qualities of two different people or things are compared with the help of the comparative degree. But it is also possible to compare the qualities of one and the same person or thing. Examples:

Laura is more stubborn than Rita. Laura is more stubborn than persevering.

-    The leaves of this plant are more oblong than round.

-    I was more asleep than awake.

-    She was more afraid to stay than to leave.

-    His job is not so difficult as it is boring.

 

When comparing the qualities of one and the same person or thing, the comparative degree of adjectives (including monosyllabic adjectives) is formed with the help of “more”.

-    His eyes are more blue than gray.

-    She is more lazy than incapable.

 

The superlative degree of adjectives may be used in combination with the ordinal numerals "second, third, fifth", etc., to indicate the size of an object (especially about geographical places).

-    Saturn is the second-largest planet in the solar system.

-    Canada is the world's second-largest country.

-    Geneva is the third-largest city in Switzerland.

-    Madagascar is the fourth-largest island in the world.

 

Constructions like "twice as large; three times as large; half as large" are widely used for comparing size, quantity, amount, speed, and other measurable characteristics.

-    Your house is twice as large as my house.

-    Their car is three times as large as our car.

-    He is twice as old as she is.

-    Her bag is five times as heavy as your bag.

-    His report is half as long as her report.

-    She pays half as much for water and electricity as I do.

-    His house is five times the size of your house.

-    My house is half the size of your house.

-    She is half your age.

 

… times,

[two /half /twice times] as + adj + as:

Farklılık koymakta ve bu farklılığın katlarını da karşı tarafa aktarır.

Constructions like "three times larger; four times bigger; four times smaller; five times faster" are also used quite often. Some manuals of style object to such use in formal writing.

-    Istanbul is three times as large as Ankara.

-    My grand father is four times as old as his grand son.

-    She's twice as old as her sister.

-    The glass is twice as big as it needs to be.

-    I read twice as many books as you did.

-    The old one now produces half as much water as it did in the past.

-    Your collection of coins is several times larger than mine.

-    His computer is ten times faster than my computer.

-    These light bulbs are five times brighter than those.

 

Note the following constructions which emphasize the amount or quantity indicated in the sentence.

-    This box weighs as much as fifty kilograms.

-    The new hotel can accommodate as many as a thousand people.

-    I bought this vase for as little as ten dollars.

 

Intensifiers can emphasize, amplify, or downtone. Emphasizers:

-    I really don't believe him. She simply ignored me.

-    He literally wrecked his mother's car.

-    They're going to be late, for sure.

 

Amplifiers:

-    The teacher completely rejected her proposal.

-    I absolutely refuse to attend any more faculty meetings.

-    They heartily endorsed the new restaurant.

-    I so wanted to go with them.

-    We know this city well.

 

Downtoners:

-    I kind of like this college.

-    Joe sort of felt betrayed by his sister.

-    His mother mildly disapproved his actions.

-    We can improve on this to some extent.

-    The boss almost quit after that.

-    The school was all but ruined by the storm.

 

Adverbs (as well as adjectives) in their various degrees can be accompanied by premodifiers:

-    She runs very fast.

-    We're going to run out of material all the faster

 

Various adverbs may be used in constructions of comparison in order to emphasize, specify, or clarify comparisons.

The adverbs "much, a lot, a little, even" are used with the comparative degree; "almost, nearly" are used with the construction "as...as"; "by far" is used with the superlative degree of adjectives.

-    Your report will be much better (a little better; a lot better; even better) if you make it shorter.

-    She would be a lot happier if you visited her more often.

-    The book that I wanted to buy turned out to be much more expensive than I thought.

-    The second part of the book is almost as interesting as the first part.

-    This device is not nearly as good as the one you showed me yesterday.

-    This film is by far the funniest that I have seen recently.

-    She is by far the most efficient manager in our company.

 

Mostly adverbs of manner and some adverbs of other types can form degrees of comparison in the same way as adjectives. The comparative degree of adverbs is used more widely than the superlative degree. The definite article before the superlative form of adverbs is often omitted.

 

Monosyllabic adverbs:

One-syllable adverbs and the adverb "early" form the comparative and superlative degrees by adding “er, est”: fast, faster, fastest; hard, harder, hardest; high, higher, highest; late, later, latest; long, longer, longest; loud, louder, loudest; low, lower, lowest; near, nearer, nearest; soon, sooner, soonest; early, earlier, earliest.

-    Please hang the picture higher.

-    She bent lower to kiss the sleeping baby.

-    Tom arrived later than Jim. Jim arrived earlier than Tom. George arrived (the) earliest of all.

-    I expected her to respond sooner.

 

Adjectives and adverbs in the same form:

One-syllable adverbs mentioned above (except "soon") are in the same form as adjectives. Their position in the sentence indicates whether they are used as adverbs or as adjectives: adverbs usually stand after the main verb, while adjectives stand before the noun that they modify or after the linking verb (be, become, get, feel, look, seem).

Adverb "fast": Jim, Rosa, and Phil can run very fast. Rosa runs faster than Jim. Phil runs (the) fastest of them all.

 

Adjective "fast": I would like to have a faster car. His reaction was faster than mine. Adverb "hard": Tom works harder than Don. Pete works (the) hardest of anyone I know.

Adjective "hard": Her work is becoming harder and harder. It is the hardest work she has ever done.

 

Adverbs of two or more syllables:

Adverbs of two or more syllables (usually with the suffix "ly") form the comparative and superlative degrees by placing “more, most” before the adverb: easily, more easily, most easily; formally, more formally, most formally; loudly, more loudly, most loudly; often, more often, most often; quickly, more quickly, most quickly; simply, more simply, most simply; slowly, more slowly, most slowly; comfortably, more comfortably, most comfortably.

-    Please speak more slowly.

-    He pushed the door much more strongly than was necessary.

 

Note: “most + adverb” is not always the superlative degree. “Most” before an adverb often means "very, extremely".

-    She articulated her ideas most clearly. He listened to her most attentively.

Irregular adverbs:

Irregular adverbs "well, badly, much, little, far" have the following degrees of comparison: well, better, best; badly, worse, worst; much, more, most; little, less, least; far, farther, farthest; far, further, furthest.

-    Tanya speaks Spanish better than you do. Who writes best of all in your class? He works best in the evening.

-    His brother treated him badly. His father treated him even worse. His classmates treated him worst of all.

-    The doctor told him to eat less and to exercise more.

-    He went too far. Do not go farther than that tree. It's pointless to discuss it further.

 

“The” definite article:

As a rule, “the” definite article is required before the superlative form of the adjective: The nearest hospital; the largest room. “The” definite article’ından başka, “a /an” veya” possessive pronoun”da kullanılmaktadır: My best friend.

Superlative form of adjactive:

+Short adj: The + adj +est

+ Long adj: The + most + adj

 

One-syllable adjectives form the superlative degrees by adding the suffixes “est”:

cheap, cheapest; cold, coldest; high, highest; large, largest; short, shortest; long, longest; tall, tallest; loud, loudest; new, newest; nice, nicest; slow, slowest; soft, softest;

sweet, sweetest; tough, toughest; warm, warmest; wise, wisest.

 

Examples:

-    There are among the 20 students in class, Ayşe is the youngest of all.

-    The Nile River is the longest river in the world.

-    For many years people believed that the cleverest animals after man were chimpanzees. Now, however, there is proof that dolphins may be even cleverer than these big apes.

-    He is the tallest boy in our class. (Sınıfımızın en uzun boylu çocuğudur.)

-    This is the highest building I have ever seen. Bu, hayatımda gördüğüm en yüksek bina.

-    The oldest society on earth was first created some 200 million years ago.

-    The largest, Angkor Wat, constructed around 1150, remains the biggest religious complex on Earth, covering an area four times larger than Vatican City.

-    My dog is the cleverest dog in the whole world.

-    The narrowest of the three tunnels leads to a small chamber under the engine room.

-    He is the youngest of my students.

-    The highest peak in Africa is Mount Kilimanjaro.

-    The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world.

-    The healthiest hearts in the world have been found in the Tsimane people in the forests of Bolivia, say researchers.

 

If final “y” is preceded by “a” vowel, “y” doesn't change before adding “est”: gray, grayest.

 

If an adjective ends in mute “e”, the letter “e” is dropped before adding “est”: blue, bluest; brave, bravest; close, closest; fine, finest; pale, palest; rude, rudest; simple, simplest; wide, widest.

 

Two-syllable adjectives ending in "y, er, ow" often have variants with “most”:

lazy, laziest /most lazy; fancy, fanciest /most fancy; friendly, friendliest /most friendly; lovely, loveliest / most lovely; risky, riskiest /most risky; clever, cleverest / most clever;

 

The choice of “est” or “most” in the case of disyllabic adjectives ending in "y, er, ow" depends to some extent on preferences in usage, on what sounds better or more natural to an English speaker in the given sentence. On the whole, variants formed with the help of “est” are more traditional and more widely used than those with “most”.

There are some other disyllabic adjectives which have variant forms with “est” or “most”, for example, quiet, simple, stable, noble, gentle, common, polite, pleasant, handsome. Though both variants are considered correct, the following superlative forms seem to be more frequently used for these adjectives at present: quietest; simplest; gentlest, most gentle; most stable; most noble; most common; most polite; most pleasant; most handsome.

 

Two-syllable adjectives ending in "y, er, ow" usually form the superlative degrees by adding “iest”: angry, angriest; ugly, ugliest; crazy, craziest; funny, funniest; busy, busiest; easy, easiest;

early, earliest; noisy, noisiest; dirty, dirtiest; heavy, heaviest; happy, happiest; clever, cleverest; lucky, luckiest; pretty, prettiest; silly, silliest; sunny, sunniest; narrow, narrowest.

 

Predicative adjectives:

Some adjectives, such as "afraid, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake, aware", are used only predicatively after linking verbs (i.e., they are not used in the position before a noun). Predicative adjectives can form the comparative degree with the help of “more”, but are hardly ever used in the superlative degree.

-    As time passed, he became more and more ashamed of himself.

-    She is more afraid of him than of his father.

 

The adj_er of which: … olanı

-    There were two small rooms in the beach house, the smaller of which served as a kitchen.

 

The definite article before the superlative form may be omitted in some cases, for example, in those cases where the adjective is used in the predicative after the verb “be” (or other linking verbs), and there is no noun or defining phrase after the adjective.

-    She is happiest when she is alone with her books.

-    She is prettiest when she lets her hair down and puts on a white dress.

 

Üstünlük derecesinde, eğer sıfatın sonu sessiz bir ünsüz ve bu ünsüzden hemen önce bir tek sesli geliyorsa, sondaki ünsüz çift gelir. If an adjective ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the consonant is doubled before adding “est”: big, biggest; fat, fattest; hot, hottest; thin, thinnest; wet, wettest.

Uncomparable adjectives

Some adjectives should not be used in either the comparative or the superlative degree because, logically, their meaning does not admit of comparison. Such adjectives are sometimes called absolute adjectives.

 

Examples of uncomparable adjectives: absent, absolute, chief, complete, contemporary, daily, dead, essential, eternal, excellent, empty, full, entire, fatal, final, honest, impossible, infinite, inevitable, ideal, junior, meaningless, perfect, main, major, minor, round, sufficient, supreme, senior, square, unique, universal, utmost, vital, weekly, whole, wooden, worthless, wrong.

 

If it is necessary for you to make some kind of comparison of such adjectives, use "almost, nearly, quite" with them, for example, "almost perfect; almost empty; nearly full; quite sufficient".

 

 

The comparative degree indicates one of two objects, while the superlative degree singles out one of three or more objects.

-    Alex is strong. Tom is stronger than Alex. Tom is the stronger of the two boys.

-    Alex, Tom, and John are strong. John is the strongest of the three boys. John is the strongest in his class.

-    Gina is more attentive than Ella. Gina is the more attentive of the two girls. Vera is the most attentive pupil in my English class.

 

 

Adjectives formed from participles form the comparative and superlative forms with the help of “more, most” irrespective of the number of the syllables: annoying, more annoying, most annoying; boring, more boring, most boring; hurt, more hurt, most hurt; pleased, more pleased, most pleased; surprised, more surprised, most surprised; tired, more tired, most tired; worried, more worried, most worried.

-    I can't think of a more boring subject of conversation.

-    She seems more worried today.

-    He is the most annoying person I know.

 

Several adjectives have irregular forms of the comparative and superlative degrees: good, better, best; bad, worse, worst; many/much, more, most; little, less (lesser), least; far, farther, farthest; far, further, furthest. "Less" can be an adjective or an adverb; "lesser" is only an adjective; "farther, farthest" refer to distance; "further, furthest" refer to distance or addition.

-    The hotel was better than we expected. This is the best layer cake I've ever had.

-    His health is becoming worse. Her examination paper was the worst in class.

-    I bought many books. Mike bought more books than I did. Nick bought the most books.

-    I don't have much work today. Mike has more work than I do. Nick has the most work to do today.

-    He spent less money than you. She has the least time of all of them.

-    All of them are suffering from an allergy, to a greater or lesser degree. Choose the lesser of two evils.

-    His house is farther down the street. It is the farthest house on the opposite side of the street.

-    I have no further questions. Further information can be obtained at our office.

 

The adjective "less" is used with uncountable nouns; the adjective "fewer" is used with plural countable nouns.

-    He has less time than she does. She has fewer books than he does.

 

The adjectives "ill" and "well" (referring to health) have the same comparative and superlative forms as the adjectives "bad" and "good": ill, worse, worst; well, better, best.

-    Is he well? Is he ill? He felt worse yesterday. He feels better today.

 

Set expressions

There are quite a few set expressions containing the comparative or superlative forms of irregular adjectives. For example: a change for the better; a change for the worse; at best / at the best; at most / at the most; at worst / at the worst; get the worst of it; go from bad to worse; if worst comes to worst / if the worst comes to the worst; last but not least; more or less; none the less; not in the least; prepare for the worst; so much the better; so much the worse.

-    If he leaves, so much the better.

-    If he doesn't want to obey the rules, so much the worse for him.

-    Many companies sustained losses during that period, but small companies got the worst of it.

 

We use the quantifier “most” to talk about quantities, amounts and degree. We can use it with a noun (as a determiner) or without a noun (as a pronoun). We can also use it with adjectives and adverbs to form the superlative.

 

Adjectives consisting of three or more syllables form the superlative degrees by using “most” before the adjective: beautiful, most beautiful; comfortable, most comfortable; dangerous, most dangerous;

difficult, most difficult; successful, most successful; expensive, most expensive; important, most important; intelligent, more intelligent, most intelligent; interesting, more interesting, most interesting.

 

“Most” may have the meaning "very, extremely, highly". In such cases, a singular noun is used with the indefinite article, and a plural noun is used without an article. In this meaning of “most”, monosyllabic and disyllabic adjectives are used with “most”.

-    She is a most beautiful woman.

-    They are most interesting people.

-    Yesterday I had a most strange dream.

-    I'm most pleased to see you here.

-    In most of such cases, the meaning will be clearer if you use "very" instead of "most": a very beautiful woman; very interesting people; a very strange dream; very pleased.

 

Most two-syllable adjectives, including adjectives ending in the suffixes "al, ant, ent, ish, ive, ic, ous, ful, less", form the superlative degrees with the help of “most”: active, most active; careless, most careless; eager, most eager; tragic, most tragic; famous, most famous; foolish, most foolish; formal, most formal; useful, most useful; modern, most modern; private, most private.

-    He is the best dancer. He dances more beautifully than anyone else.

 

The most:

“The most” is the superlative form of many, much. We use “the most” to make the superlative forms of longer adjectives and the majority of adverbs:

-    They’re using the most advanced technology in the world. (+ adjective)

-    Scafell Pike is the most easily identifiable peak in the Lake District. (+ adverb)

 

The most with a noun:

We use the most with a noun to mean ‘more/less than all of the others’:

-    Ian earns the most money in our family.

 

The most with a verb:

We use the most with a verb as an adverb:

-    They all cried, but Claire cried the most. (Cambridge dictionary)

The most + adjective:

“The most + adjective” is not always the superlative degree. İkiden fazla heceli sıfatlarda “the most” kelimesi sıfatlardan önce gelir. Present Perfect Tense yapısında kullanılan sıfatların en üstünlük dereceleriyle kullanılır.

Important - the most important, Intelligent - the most intelligent, Famous - the most famous.

-    This book is the most interesting of all the books that I have read recently. This is the most interesting book I have ever read.

-    The most difficult task will be discussed tomorrow.

-    You are the most beautiful girl I have ever met. Sen, hayatımda tanıdığım en güzel kızsın.

-    She is the most beautiful girl in our class. (Sınıfımızın en güzel kızıdır.)

-    Her story is the most unbelievable one I’ve ever heard. (Onun hikayesi şimdiye kadar duyduğum en inanılmaz olandır.)

-    He is the most careful driver in the family.

-    Do you like Australia? Oh yes! I think it is one of the most beautiful places in the world.

-    Today, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, in which the Soviet Union demanded that Western powers cut their ties with Berlin, may be the most forgotten crisis in the annals of the Cold War.

-    The company is one of the most successful companies of the last five decades.

 

Most + Noun:

“Çok, Çoğu, pek çoğu, çoğunluğu “ anlamına gelir ve hem sayılabilen çoğul isimlerle hemde sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılabilir.

-    Most children love toys.

-    Most people like chocolate. Çoğu insan çikolatayı sever.

-    Most people work for a minimum wage in Turkey. Türkiyede çoğu insan asgari ücrete çalışır.

-    The way to Damascus is most dangerous; the Sun rises magnificent over Baghdad.

 

 

Most of + Pronoun /definite noun:

Most of /some of /none of: + pronoun /definite noun

Bir iyelik zamiri (pronouns) yada belirteç (determiner) dan önce most yerine “most of” formu kullanılır.

With pronouns (My, his, her, its ,our their):

-      Most of my shirts are old - Gömleklerimin çoğu eskidir.

 

With determiners (the, this that, these, those ):

-      The students are poor – Most of the students are poor. Öğrencilerin çoğu fakirdirler.

-    Most of this website is written in Turkish. Bu sitenin çoğu kısmı Türkçe yazılmıştır.

-    Most of these books belong to my sister. Bu kitapların çoğu kız kardeşime aitdirler.

-    Most of those shoes are artificial leather. Şu ayyakabıların çoğu yapay deridirler.

 

Most of all: en önemlisi

of greatest importance; more than any other. (Compare this with least of all.)

-    I wanted to go to that museum most ofall. Why can't I go?

-    There are many reasons why I didn't use my car today. Most of all, it's a lovely day for walkin g.

 

Of all the most difficulty,

Among all the most difficulty: ... şey içerisinde, … şey arasında

-    Of all the inventions in medicine, microscope is surely the most difficult.

-    Of all the students she ran the most quickly.

 

Of all ….. the most: olanlardan, … olanı en … olandır.

-    Of all the political ideologies of the early nine-teenth century, nationalism is the most difficult to grasp. 19. yüzyıl başlarında ortaya çıkan siyasi akımlardan milliyetçilik olanı anlaşılması en zor olandır. [grasp: kavramak, sımsıkı sarılmak]

-    Of all the decisions a free people must face, the question of war or peace is the most crucial. Özgür bir toplumun yüzleşmesi gereken kararlardan, savaş ya da barış mı sorusu en kritik olandır.

 

One of + superlative adj + Plural Noun:

A more distant object seems to be smaller than a closer object.

-    The Taj Mahal is one of the most famous buildings in the world.

-    Martin is one of my best friends.

-    The Golden Gate Bridge is one of the longest bridges in the world.

-    You are one of the most important people in my life.

 

The first, the second (time/person...) to do sth:

-    Earl was one of the first American Artists to paint landscapes.

 

Of all + noun: içerisinde, arasında Among + noun: arasında

-    Of all our students, Mary is the only one who has achieved national recognition.

-    Of all her books, none have sold as well as the first one.

-    Of all the buildings in Paris: Paris’deki binaların arasında

-    Of all the political ideologies of the early nineteenth century, nationalism is the most difficult to grasp.

-    Of all these changes, perhaps the most important one was to be seen in energy.

 

No + comperative = superlative=V3

-    No other city is more beautiful than Istanbul = Istanbul is the most beautiful city.

 

The least: (little, less, the least) Not in the least: en azından değil In the least: zerre

At the least: en azından The least bit: az biraz

 

Less + adj /noun + than: Less “more” un tam tersi anlamda dır. “ daha az” anlamına gelir.

-    This car is less expensive than that car.

-    The book that I read was less interesting than the one I read last month.

-    This year the factory has produced less steel than they did last year.

 

“less” and “least” are used with adjectives and adverbs in the same way as “more” and “most”. “Less” indicates a lower degree; “Least” indicates the lowest degree. “Less” with adjectives and adverbs is used more widely than “least”. “Less” and “least” are rarely used with monosyllabic adjectives and adverbs.

 

“Less, least” with adjectives: common, less common, least common; costly, less costly, least costly; difficult, less difficult, least difficult; important, less important, least important;

interesting, less interesting, least interesting;

-    The first question is less difficult than the second.

-    The last exercise is the least difficult of the four exercises.

-    I am less interested in football than he is.

 

“Less, least” with adverbs: clearly, less clearly, least clearly; easily, less easily, least easily; efficiently, less efficiently, least efficiently; formally, less formally, least formally;

often, less often, least often; sincerely, less sincerely, least sincerely; typically, less typically, least typically; willingly, less willingly, least willingly; wisely, less wisely, least wisely.

-    She remembers the day of the car accident less clearly now. She remembers least clearly what happened after the accident.

-    He does his work less willingly and less efficiently than before. He works least efficiently when he is alone.

 

 

“The least” is used before uncountable nouns. It is the superlative of “little”.

-    This is the least interesting book I have ever read.

-    I think Amanda is the least attractive girl in the entire world!

 

“The least” can be used without a noun if the meaning is clear from the context.

-    Jane does the most work in this office. Jack does the least.

The expression “least of” can be used before plural abstract nouns.

-    ‘She will be really upset when she hears about this.’ ‘That’s the least of my worries.’

 

In questions and negative clauses, “the least” can be used with the meaning ‘any…at all’ before singular abstract nouns.

-    ‘What’s the time?’ ‘I haven’t got the least idea.’

-    I’m not the least bit afraid of dogs.

 

“The least” can be used before adjectives. It is the opposite of “the most”.

-    The least expensive picnics are often the most enjoyable.

-    The most expensive things aren’t always the best.

 

At least: en az, en aşağı

“At least” means ‘not less than’.

-    She is at least forty years old. (= She is not less than but more than forty years old.)

-    He interviewed at least four times this month.

-    I have seen that film at least ten times.

-    She has been in love at least six times.

-    You must read at least ten pages every day. Her gün en aşağı on sayfa okumalısınız.

-    She waited for you at least two hours. Seni en aşağı iki saat bekledi.

-    I must sleep at least eight hours. En aşağı sekiz saat uyumalıyım.

 

Not in the least: en azından değil

“Not in the least” means ‘not at all’. It is used in a formal style.

-    I was not in the least impressed by her manners. (= I was not at all impressed by her manners.)

 

The fewest:

“The fewest” is the superlative form of “few”.

-    The essay with the fewest grammatical mistakes isn’t always the best.

 

The emphasis structures are used to give strong advice, to express opinions clearly, to disagree, to show concern, to entertain.

 

Rather, fairly, quite, and pretty are all used to say that something is true to some degree, but not completely or extremely. “Rather” is fairly formal but can be used in spoken English, especially British English. In American English it is more usual to use “pretty.”

Noun phrase: (a) adj + noun

 

How + adj/adv:

This is used to emphasize the quality you are mentioning.

-    How slowly the baby is learning to talk and walk. Bebek konuşmayı ve yürümeyi ne kadar yavaş öğreniyor.

 

much + adj, more + adj, far + adj, rather + adj, a little + adj, a bit + adj,

a lot + adj: to emphasize adj

Higher, more...than + number + times

-    Lisa looks much older than she really is. Lisa gerçekte olduğundan daha büyük görünüyor.

-    It is a lot more exciting to travel by air than by water.

 

Very + adj/adv/Ving:

This is used to emphasize an adjective, adverb, or phrase

-    I am very willing to give you a hand. Sana bir el vermek için çok istekli değilim.

 

That (adv) + adj/adv:

This structure is used to say how big, how much etc, especially when you are showing the size, amount etc with your hands

-    The sea is not that calm.

 

Fairly+ adj/adv: oldukça, dürüstçe

More than a little, but much less than very. Positive adjective ve adverb’ lerle kullanılır.

-    It is difficult to complete the project in time.

-    The exercises were fairly easy.

-    It was fairly hot today.

 

The more + noun: used to emphasize the noun

-    Tracy made the more mistakes in the dictation exercises.

 

More + adj/noun

-    A politician can make a legislative proposal more understandable by giving specific examples of what its effect will be.

 

 

So / that: used when emphasizing the degree or amount of something by saying what the result is So + adj + that

“So” dan sonra muhakak sıfat gelir: “so + adj + (that)” or “so + much /many /few /little + noun”

 

So + adj, (so + Ving, so + V3):

so interesting, so nice, so patient to be nurse

-    They were so tired.

-    The exam was so difficult.

-    She is so young.

-    This child is so big.

-    She is so cool. It looks so nice.

 

So much + noun, so many + noun:

so much paper, so many problems

-    There were so many people there!

-    I never knew you had so many brothers

 

Main Clause, So + Clause: bu yüzden (Sonuç)

“So” is used to say that someone does something because of the reason just stated.

-    She hadn’t studied, so he failed.

-    The play was very boring, so they walked out.

-    She woke up late, so she missed the bus.

 

So + adv:

so funny; so fast, so ill

-    They did it so well

-    You mustn’t drive so fast on this road!

-    So far so good. Şimdiye kadar çok iyi.

 

So + adj/adv + (that) + Clause: o kadar … ki, öylesine … ki (So /that)

This is used when emphasizing the degree or amount of something by saying what the result is. Note: Cümlenin fiili sağ taraftadır. Bu yapıda that kullanılmasa da anlam bozulmaz:

-    He speaks so fast that I cannot understand him. Öylesine hızlı konuşur ki onu anlayamıyorum.

-    That water is so cold that I can’t drink it.

-    The book was so boring that I only could read.

-    It rained so much that the fields were flooded.

-    She got up so early that it was dark yet.

-    She works so hard that she she isn’t usually aware of what time it is.

-    I was so hungry (that) I couldn’t wait for dinner. Karnım öyle açtı ki yemeği bekleyemedim.

-    I worked so hard that I couldn't rest all night. O kadar çok çalıştım ki tüm gece uyumadım.

-    She speaks German so fluently that you cannot distinguish him from a German.

-    The exam was so difficult that nearly all the students failed.

-    The heels of her shoes are so high that she looks much taller.

-    The hall so crowded that I couldn’t find a seat.

-    The wind was so strong that it was difficult to run.

 

So much + verb + as + verb:

-    It does not so much find as make new things. Yeni şeyler yapacak kadar pek birşey bulunmaz.

 

“So much” before verb

-    I so much enjoyed. I really enjoyed

 

So many/few + (noun) + that + Clause: o kadar … ki, (So /that)

“So" can be combined with "many" or "few" plus a plural noun to show extremes in amount. This form is often used in exclamations.

-    There were so many apples that we didn’t know where to put them all. Öyle çok elma vardı ki hepsini nereye koyacağımızı bilemedik.

-    There were so many that we didn’t know where to put them all. Öyle çok vardı ki hepsini nereye koyacağımızı bilemedik.

-    There is so few good jobs that people are looking for jobs in other states.

 

So much / little+ (noun) + that + Clause: o kadar … ki, (So /that)

So" can be combined with "much" or "little" plus a non-countable noun to show extremes in amount. This form is often used in exclamations.

-    Everything has changed so much that I can scarcely recognize the place. Her şey öyle çok değişmiş ki yeri güçlükle tanıyabildim.

-    He had so much money that he didn’t know what to do with it.

-    James has so much money that he could actuaaly buy that Ferrari.

-    I know so little English that I can't make myself understood.

-    There was so much smoking the room that I could hardly breathe.

 

…, so that …: mek/mak için, olsun diye (Conjunction in Purpose Clauses)

-    He studied very hard so that he could pass the exam.

 

So + adj. + a/an + Singular Countable Noun + (that) + clause: O kadar … ki, (So /that)

-    She is so beautiful a girl (that)

-    He is so good a student that he is going to win a scholarship.

 

So + Auxiliary + Subject (pronoun): _de / _da (ekleme)

The Auxiliary needs to agree with the verb tense in the original statement. Çoğunlukla ikinci cümle “so” ile başlar ve cümle devrik olur.

-    Just as I feel pessimistic, so does my mom.

Ben tam kendimi kötümser hissediyorum annem de öyledir.

-    I liked the movie, so did you.

-    They have been to New York several times, so have I.

-    He is an English teacher, so is his wife. (His wife is, too)

-    Neptune is an extremely cold planet, so is Uranus.

 

So + adj/adv + as to V: yapacak kadar As + adj/adv + as to V: yapacak kadar

-    He isn’t as qualified as to get the post without having some additional training. Biraz ek eğitim almaksızın işe alınacak kadar kalifiye değil.

 

So + adj/adv + as: … kadar

-    Living in the country doesn’t cost so much as living in big cities.

-    You won’t get so much as a peny from me as long as I live. Yaşadığım sürrece benden bir kuruş bile alamayacaksın.

 

So long as: _dığı sürece, eğer

-    So long as you don’t break rules, you will not be penalized.

-    You can work here so long as you obey the rules and the regulations.

 

So as to: _mek için, _mak amacıyla, (In order to + V, to V)

-    They visited him so as to offer their condolences for the death of his wife.

-    We have art so as not to die of the truth. (Friedrich Nietzsche)

-    He did that so as to annoy me. O beni kızdırmak için yaptı.

 

So well: çok iyi

-    The party was so well organized that everybody had a great time.

 

So called: sözde, sözümona

So called describes something that is alleging to be something you are not sure it is. Tam emin olmadığınız bir iddiayı tanımlamada kullanılır.

-    Indigo is a vat color, so called because it does not dissolve in water.

 

To do so: öyle yapmak (Verb+ so)

-    China’s art market is growing bigger all the time, and it is doing so at the expense of America and Britain.

-    If we want to do so. Öyle yapmak istersek.

-    He actually managed to do so. O aslında böyle yaparak başardı.

 

So: böyle, öyle, şöyle (Cümlenin sonunda)

-    If that if so. I’ll have to go. Eğer öyleyse gitmeye mecburum.

-    She promised to buy me a present and she did so. Bana bir hediye alacağına dair söz Verdi ve öyle yaptı.

So what: Ne olmuş, Ne farkeder, Ne yani? So why: peki neden

-    So why does one third of the world’s population still lack access to proper healthcare?

 

I hope so: Umarım Even so: Yine de

 

Or so: falan, filan, öyle birşey (approximately, some, more or less, about, close to, just about, around, roughly)

 

In Ving so= böyle yapmada By Ving so= böyle yaparak

 

Upon /on doing so: böyle yapar yapmaz In so doing: Bu sayede

-    He created his first electric lamp, and in so doing, received much praise.

 

Such + adj + noun:

such informal language, such good advice, such high mountain, such strong prices

-    You have such beautiful eyes.

-    It was such good news.

-    You have such nice furniture in your house.

-    There were such huge trees.

 

Such + adj/adv + that

Such + plural/uncountable noun + that Such + noun phrase + that:

-    It was such nice coffee that I had two cups.

-    She gave him such good advice that he was very grateful to her.

-    It takes such patience to learn to play chess properly.

-    It was such cold weather that nobody coulg go outside.

-    He was talking such rubbish that nobody was listenning him.

-    The lake had such dirty water that I decided not to swim.

-    She has got such beautiful eyes

-    The lake had such dirty water that I decided not to swim.

-    You’d better not drive in such awful weather.

-    I had to pay $140 for books for my new Spanish class. I don’t know why my professor has to choose such expansive books for her course.

-    The analysts were surpised by such strong prices in the market.

 

Such + Noun /Noun Pahrase: bu tür…, böyle

“such” dan sonra “noun” ya da noun phrase gelir.

-    Such new methods are …: bu tür metotlar

-    Such people: bu tür insanlar

-    You can consult me about such matters. Böyle meselelerde bana danışabilirsiniz.

 

“Such” daha önce bahsi geçen bir durumun yerine zamir olarak kullanıldığında “öyle” anlamı alır.

-    It appears to be such. Öyle görünüyor.

 

Such + adj + noun + as: … kadar, (Such /as)

-    I haven’texpected such awful result as this. Bu kadar kötü bir sonuç beklemiyordum.

 

Such a/an + adj/adv + singular noun: + (that) öylesine …

Such + (a/an) + adj + noun; such a horrible day, such a good cook, such a lot of money

-    He is such an unfriendly guy. Öylesine dost olmayan birsiydi.

-    Why did you give me such a large serving potatoes?

-    I had not expected such a radical change in his behavior.

-    It was such a lovely day.

-    He is such a dark.

-    I have got such a headache.

-    He has such a big house that I actually got lost on the way to the bathroom.

-    She is such a good girl that everybody likes her.

-    It was such a cold evening that we stopped playing football.

-    It is such a good news that everybody will be glad to hear it.

-    It was such a lovely day that we couldn’t help going on a picnic.

-    She is such a busy woman that she has no time for entertainment.

-    They are such rough and step mountains that it is impossible to climb up them.

-    He gives such good examples that you understand the subject. O kadar güzel örnekler verir ki konuyu hemen anlarsın.

-    It was such a difficult exam that nearly all students failed.

-    It was such an interesting book.

-    I have never seen such a strange building.

-    It was such a nice piece of furniture.

 

Such + Noun + as: give example to something

-    Elementary schools in the United states provide formal education in such basic subjects as arithmetic, science, social science, and communication skills that including reading, writing , spelling, and speaking.

 

Such as: gibi

“Such as” has the same meaning as 'like' or 'for example' (but not exactly the same grammar, so be careful there!).

-    I like fruit suc as apple and pear.

-    Many countries in Europe, such as France and Germany, use Euros.

-    Supersonic transport such as the Concrde will probably be widely accepted as soon as problems of noise and atmospheric pollution are resolved.

 

Q.1. Some people believe vaccines overload our immune system, making it less able  to react to other diseases — meningitis or AIDS, which are now threatening our health.

A.  but for

B.  lest

C.  with the aim of

D.  whereas

E.  such as

İsimden önce boşluk var, prepositional phrase gelir. Şıklardan hangisi prepositional phrase bilinmesi gerekmektedir.

Lest: Adverbial, purpose clause, ( Lest, For fear that: Olmaz ise, olmaz diye, olmaması halinde) B Şıkkı olamaz.

Whereas: Adverbial clause (whereas, while: oysa, halbuki) D Şıkkı olamaz.

Lest ve whereas prepositional phrase değil.

 

But for + noun: devamındaki cümle type-2: would + V1 ya da type-3: would have + V3 yapısı olmak durumundadır. A şıkkı olamaz.

 

With the aim of + Ving

Such as + noun, doğru şık: E

 

As such: aslında

-    This is not a medicine as such. Bu aslında ilaç değil.

 

As such: öyle, böyle, şöyle

“As such” have two meanings. The first is quite difficult to explain, so let's look at an example.

-    He is a teacher and is known as such. O öğretmendir ve öyle tanınıyor.

-    I'm an English teacher, and because I'm an English teacher I hate to see grammar mistakes. I'm an English teacher, and as an English teacher I hate to see grammar mistakes.

However, in this sentence I'm saying the words “an English teacher” twice. An easier way to say it is like this: I'm an English teacher, and as such I hate to see grammar mistakes.

In this example, we use the word such to represent the words 'an English teacher', the second time it appears.

-    She's an athlete, and as such she has to train very hard.

-    The film was a romance, and as such it had the usual happy ending.

 

It can be also used “as such” to mean something like 'exactly' in a sentence like this:

-    The shop doesn't sell books as such, but it does sell magazines and newspapers. Magazines and newspapers are similar to books, but they are not exactly books.

-    He isn't American as such, but he's spent most of his life there.

Spending most of your life in America is similar to being American, but it isn't exactly the same as being American.

 

And such: ve benzerleri

-    Orange trees, palms, and such should be kept under glass in winter. Kışın portakal ağaçları, palmiyeler ve benzerleri serada tutulmalıdır.

 

“de/da” anlamı vermesi için arda arda ikinci cümlenin sonuna kullanılır.

-    She liked the movie. I liked the movie, too.

-    You too can learn how to make the cake

 

“Too”, “Aşırı, çok” anlamıyla bir sıfat ya da zarfı niteler. “Too adj /adv” is used with a negative to mean 'not very'.

-    He was driving too fast.

-    Mark, don’t take a taxi. It is too expensive!

-    The exam was too difficult.

-    That's too bad.

-    If it is the best thing to do, it cannot be done too soon.

 

We use “too much” with uncountable nouns.

To a higher degree than is desirable, permissible, or possible; excessively.

-    You have given me too much change.

-    Don’t eat too much.

-    Wearing too much jewellery can be dangerous. If I were you, I would just wear a few rings.

 

“too … to V” kalıbının kullanıldığı cümlelerde “…mesi için çok..” anlamını vermede kullanılır.

-    It is too late for us to buy a ticket for the concert.

-    She is too young to get married.

 

Explanation: “too … to” ifadesindeki “too”, 3 şekilde nitelenebilmektedir; 1- Much too

2-      For too

3-      As get too

Not: “that” li ya da “that” siz full cümle için “so” ya da “such”; for somebody’li ya da somebody’ siz “too” ya da “enough” önceliklidir.

 

too: as well, In addition, also

Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means “as well”.

-    They were concerned too.

-    I, too, was concerned.

-    Is he coming too?

Too+ adj to do sth: impossibe to do sth

-    When Franklin Roosevelt decided to run for a fourth term, the opposition said that he was too old.

-    The ceiling is too high. I can't touch it.

-    The ceiling is too high for me to touch. Tavan dokunabilmem için çok yüksek.

-    This box is too heavy for me to lift. Bu kutu benim kaldırmam için çok ağır.

 

Too adj (for sbd) to do sth:

-    He is too shy a child to speak out.

 

Too + adj + Enough: (T_oo + S_ıfat + E_nough)

-    The castle was so heavily fortified (that) no enemy could breach its walls, let alone capture it. Kale öylesine ağır şekilde güçlendirilmiştiki,bırakın fethetmek (ele geçirmek) şöyle dursun hiçbir düşman duvarları delemiyordu.

The castle was too heavily fortified for the enemy to even consider on attack. Kale düşmanın bir saldırı bile düşünemeyeyeceği kadar ağır şekilde güçlendirilmiştir.

 

 

So well: Çok iyi

 

As well as

As well as + N /NP + (... Also): _nın yanı sıra, … ek olarak (... ayrıca) as well as = and

So well as: yanı sıra As well

Also, As well, Too: üstelik, keza, dahi, de, da

Enough means the number or amount you need of something. Enough gooes before a noun,

after an adjective or adverb.

 

Enough + noun (for sbd) to do sth:

Enough goes before a noun.

-    Russia has not done enough to stop doping.

-    There is enough food for everyone. Burada herkese yetecek kadar yiyecek bulunuyor.

-    He earns enough money to support his family. O ailesini geçindirebilecek kadar yeterli para kazanıyor.

-    There aren't enough chairs for the guests. Misafirlere yetecek kadar sandalye yok.

-    If I had a long enough holiday, I would visit Florida.

 

Adj/adv + enough (for sbd) to do sth: … meye yetecek kadar

Adverb/adj + enough: fast enough

-    I am not strong enough to lift this box.

-    He is not tall enough to reach the shelf. O rafa ulaşmasına yetecek kadar uzun boylu değil.

-    If we finish this job soon, we can get home early enough to catch the beginning of the match.

 

Quite: oldukça, epeyi

It is used before a noun to emphasize that something is very good, large, interesting.

-       This aboriginal language is quite a difficult one to learn. Bu yerli dil öğrenmek birisi için oldukça zordur.

•         Sıfatlardan den önce: My French is quite good.

•         Zarflardan önce: He can speak French quite well now.

•         Nadiren bazı isimlerle: Mr. Chalmers is quite an authority on playing darts.

•         “Completely” anlamında bazı fiillerle: I couldn’t quite understand what you.

•         Superlative form ile: it’s quite the worst match I have ever watched.

 

A phrase is a group of words that does not have a subject or a verb. On the other hand, a clause is a group of words that does have both a subject and a verb.

-    Under the teacher’s desk

-    After seeing the Taj Mahal

 

Identify these as either phrases or clauses:

-    Picking some apples

-    Before he lit the candle

-    Alice wants to be an astronaut

-    When I return from school

-    While juggling avocados

 

After using an introductory phrase to begin a sentence, you may or may not need to add a comma. Common introductory phrases include prepositional phrases, appositive phrases, participial phrases, infinitive phrases, and absolute phrases. If the introductory phrase is a short and simple prepositional phrase, you probably do not need a comma.

-    Under the bridge I met a kindly troll.

-    After dinner we went for a walk.

-    In France the students toured museums.

 

However, if the introductory phrase is a longer prepositional phrase, or if a comma will make the sentence clearer, use a comma.

-    After getting stung by a bee, Janice cried for hours.

-    In fact, facts provide useful information for research papers.

 

If the introductory phrase is any other type of phrase, use a comma.

-    To buy a new phone, David first needed to get a job.

-    Preparing to ride the giant rollercoaster, I took a deep breath.

 

We usually use a noun or a pronoun after “about”. (that is) is usually followed by a clause  (subject + verb + ...)

 

The thing One thing What

I

(don’t) like Love /hate admire

about                +                noun /pronoun

+ is + noun /Clause

 

The thing that One thing that What

Amazes /annoys /worries/ upsets

me about

+ is + Clause

Examples:

-    The thing I don’t like about this flat is the kitchen.

-    One thing I love about you always laugh at my jokes.

-    The thing that amazes me about your mother is she still can’t read a map.

-    One thing that annoys me about you is you never give me time to look at a map.

-    What I like about the flat is it is so light.

-    What worries me about the size of the kitchen is I can’t help Polly with the cooking

-    I like the food that she cooks because it is really health.

-    The thing I like about the food that she cooks is really health.

-    I love Matt’s sense of humour.

-    One thing I love about Matt is his sense of humour.

 

 

Rather: oldukça, epeyce, bir hayli

Zarf olarak kullanılıp sıfatları ya da zarfları niteler. Olumsuz anlamı pekiştirmek için olumsuz sıfatlar ile kulanılır. Rather: idare eder. (Anlamı Amerikan İngilizce’sinde yoktur.)

-    The film was rather good. Film iyiceydi. /Film fena değildi.

-      I had a rather difficult day.

-    It is rather cold today.

-    It’s rather warm in here. Let’s open a window. Burası oldukça sıcak. Pencere açalım.

 

·     Bazı fiillerle: My father rather likes raw meat.

·     Comparative form ile olumsuz anlamı güçlendirmek için: She is rather taller than her sister.

·     Positive adjective’ ler ile (beklenmeyen bir şekilde): Though I hadn’t studied, my grades are rather good!

·     Bazı isimlerle: It is rather a pity.

·     “Too” dan önce: The car was rather too expensive.

 

Rather, genellikle a/an ve the kelimelerinden önce gelir ancak sıfat varsa a/an kelimelerinden sonra da gelebilir.

-    He’s rather a fool. Oldukça aptal biri.

-    Jane’s had rather a good idea. Jane’in oldukça iyi bir fikri vardı. (Jane’s had a rather good idea.)

 

Rather, sıfat                     olmaksızın       çoğul     bir     isimle     normal     olarak     kullanılmaz.       (“They’re rather fools”, denmez.)