Reported speech means that someone's words (direct speech) are reported
in the form of indirect speech. The conjunctions "if, whether" are
used in reported general questions, while reported special questions keep as
conjunctions those interrogative words (what, who, when, where, why, how) which
they had in questions in direct speech.
Difference between “say” and “tell”
“Say” is the standard verb
which is used to indicate direct speech in any narrative - anecdotes, short
stories, novels, etc. It is often used with other 'reporting' verbs, which may
be more descriptive or more colourful than the all-purpose say and therefore
preferred. If we use “tell” to report
statements like those above in indirect speech, we must remember that tell has
to be followed by a direct personal object.
You say something.
You tell someone something.
He said that
.
He said me that . He said to me that . He told that
. He told me that . He told to me that .
Examples:
- He told me that he was going into hospital
for a major operation.
-
He said that
he expected to be kept in for about six weeks.
- He told me that his mother was writing the
letter.
-
He said to me
that his mother was writing the letter.
If the verb in the main clause is used in the past tense (usually, the
Past simple of the verbs "say, tell, ask, answer"), the verb in the
object subordinate clause in indirect speech should also be used in one of the
past tenses.
Examples:
-
He said to me, “I do not believe you.” She said to him, “I do not believe you.”
She said to him
that she did not believe him.
-
I said to him that I did not believe him.
I said to you, “I do not believe you.”
I said to you
that I do not believe you.
- “They don’t know you.” He told me that they
didn’t know me.
i.
We have used
the conjunction “that” before the Indirect Statement.
ii. Pronouns can change in
reported speech depending on who the reported speech is directed to.
The pronoun “I” is changed to “He”. (The
Pronoun is changed in person)
iii.
The tense
changed to next past of own form
iv.
The adverb
“now” is changed to “then”.
Active: S + V3 +
that + clause Passive: It's + V3 + that+ clause
Someone is
V3 + to be… : The coins are said to be over a thousand
years old. Verb: think, say, suppose, believe, consider, report.
V3: thought,
said, supposed, believed, considered, reported.
Direct: He said, “My mother is writing the
letter.”
Indirect: He said that his mother was writing
the letter.
Direct: Clinton said, “I am very busy now.”
Indirect: Clinton said that he was very busy
then.
Change of tenses:
|
Direct |
Indirect / Reported |
|
Present Simple |
Past Simple |
|
Present Continuous |
Past Continuous |
|
Past Simple; Present and
Past Perfect |
Past Perfect |
|
Past Continuous Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous |
Past Perfect Continuous |
|
Future Tense |
Future in the past (i.e.,
"will" is changed to "would"). |
Examples:
- She said, "I'm teaching English."
She said that
she was teaching English.
- She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
She said that
she had been on the web since 1999.
- She said, "I've been teaching English
for seven years."
She said that
she had been teaching English for seven years.
- She said, "I was teaching earlier."
She said she had
been teaching earlier.
- She said, "I taught online
yesterday."
She said she had
taught online yesterday.
-
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived." She
said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
-
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes." She
said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.
- “I broke the
window.”
He said that he had broken the window.
-
“They were
shopping when I saw them. “
He said that they
had been shopping when I had seen them.
- “I have passed the examination.”
He said that he
had passed the examination.
- “His horse died in the night.”
He said that his
horse had died in the night.
Change of Pronouns:
The pronouns of the “Direct Speech” are
changed where necessary, so that their relations with the reporter and
his hearer, rather than with the original speaker are indicated.
|
Direct |
Indirect / Reported |
|
I |
he, she |
|
You |
he, she, they |
|
We |
They |
|
They |
They |
|
he, she, it |
he, she, it |
|
My |
his, her |
|
You |
My |
|
Our |
Their |
|
Me |
him, her |
|
Us |
Them |
|
his, her, its |
his, her, its |
Note:
Personal pronouns change depending on the sense of the sentence, and the
demonstrative pronouns "this, these" are changed to "that,
those".
Examples:
- Anna said, "I know your sister." –
Anna told me that she knew my sister.
- She said, "I know this man." – She
said that she knew that man.
Change of modals or auxiliary verbs:
|
Direct |
Indirect / Reported |
|
is, are, am |
was, were |
|
Will |
Would |
|
is / are going to |
was / were going to |
|
Shall |
usually; “would”;
in reported questions; “should” |
|
Can |
Could |
|
May |
possibility;
“might”; permission; “could” |
|
Must |
obligation; “had
to”; speculation; “must” |
|
could, should, would |
could, should, would |
|
Might |
Might |
|
Need |
Need |
|
have to |
had to |
“Must” changes to “need to” or “had to”
in past tense. If the tense reflects "general truth", it does not
change to past form.
Examples:
- “I can speak perfect English.” She said that
she could speak perfect English.
- "I may buy a new car." He said that
he might buy a new car.
- "I'll teach English online
tomorrow." She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
-
"I must have a computer to teach English." She said she had to
have a computer to teach English.
Change of Times:
|
Direct |
Indirect / Reported |
|
now (şimdi) |
then, at that time |
|
now (hemen) |
at once |
|
Ago |
before |
|
Today |
(on) that day |
|
tomorrow |
the following day, the
next day, a day later |
|
yesterday |
the previous day, the day
before |
|
next month |
the following month, the
next month, a month later |
|
next week |
the following week, the week after |
|
last month |
the month before, the previous month, the
preceding month |
|
last week |
the week before / the previous week |
|
last night |
the previous night |
|
the day after tomorrow |
in two days’ time |
|
last year |
the year before, the previous year, the preceding
year |
|
in two days weeks |
two days from then, two weeks from then |
|
five days ago |
five days before, five days earlier |
|
five weeks ago |
five weeks before, five weeks earlier |
Examples:
- He said, “I was here yesterday.” He said that
he was there the day before.
-
“I am coming
today.” He said he was going the next day.
- “We'll leave tonight.” They replied they
would leave that night.
-
“We're going to do it the day after
tomorrow.” We said we were going to do it in two days' time.
-
“These streets will be completed
next year.” The mayor said the roads would be compleded the following year.
-
“We had a very large dinner
yesterday. He said they had had a very large dinner the day before.
-
“I painted all the walls the day
before yesterday. His father said he had painted all the walls two days before.
Words expressing
nearness in time or places are generally changed into words expressing
distance.
-
He said, “I am
glad to be here this evening.”
He said that he
was glad to be there that evening.
Adverbs of time and place that
are usually replaced.
Yer tanımları, bazı fiiller ve zamir bağlaçları
da, aktarılan cümlenin anlamına bağlı olarak değişebilir. Fakat bunlarla ilgili
kesinlikle değişir denemez. Cümlenin anlamına bakarak karar verilir.
"This
morning, this afternoon, tonight" are replaced with "that morning,
that afternoon, that night";
"In a
few days" is replaced with "a few days later"; "Here"
is replaced with "there".
In
the subordinate clause (if the verb in the main clause is in the past tense) is
required by the rules of the sequence of tenses, but the changes also depend on
the context and do not take place in all cases. Compare:
-
He said,
"I will visit her tomorrow." He said that he would visit her the
following day.
(If
"tomorrow" was in the past at the moment of speaking, it is replaced
with "the following day".)
He said that he would visit her tomorrow.
(If
"tomorrow" was still in the future at the moment of speaking, it
stays in the sentence as "tomorrow".)
-
He said, "I went to the park yesterday." He said that he had
gone to the park the day before.
("Yesterday" was no longer "yesterday" at the time of speaking.)
He said that he
went to the park yesterday.
(If
"yesterday" was still "yesterday" at the time of speaking,
the Past simple and "yesterday" remain unchanged.)
-
She said, "I like this town." She told me that she liked that
town. (The speaker is in some other town at the moment of speaking.)
She told me that
she liked this town. (The speaker is in this town at the moment of speaking.)
The Past
simple usually remains unchanged in the subordinate clause. This is also true
of the other object clauses, not only of those in reported speech.
-
I knew that
she left for Tokyo two weeks ago.
- I was sure that he came back last month.
- He said, "I visited Paris in 1995."
– He said that he visited Paris in 1995.
-
He said, "I was watching TV when the telephone rang." – He said
that he was watching TV when the telephone rang.
In some cases,
the Past simple may remain unchanged in the subordinate clause if a completed
action in the past is meant.
-
She said that
Mike told / had told her about it.
-
He said that
he bought / had bought a car at that car dealership.
-
He said that
he built / had built a house for his son.
- He said that he didn't find / hadn't found them.
In everyday speech, if the speaker feels that the action in the
subordinate clause is still relevant to the present, the present tense may be
used in the subordinate clause despite the fact that the past tense is used in
the main clause.
-
Anna said that
she feels tired. Let's go home.
-
He wrote in his letter that he is going to see Dr. Crosby tomorrow, so we
will be able to find him at the clinic.
-
She repeated several times that she wants to talk to you tonight. Do you
know what it is about?
The examples
below show how different types of sentences in direct speech are changed to
indirect speech if the verb in the main clause is in the past tense.
Statements:
- She said, "I live here."
She said that
she lived there.
- She said, "I am writing a letter now."
She told me that
she was writing a letter then.
-
She said, "I have already written three letters." She said that
she had already written three letters.
- He said, "They will be disappointed when
they learn that she has sold her house."
He said that
they would be disappointed when they learned that she had sold her house.
- He said, "She was fired last week."
He said that she
had been fired the week before.
General questions:
-
He asked, "Do you know this man?" He asked me whether I knew
that man.
-
She asked him, "Have you finished your work?" She asked him if he had finished his work.
- He asked her, "Did you go there alone?"
He asked her
whether she had gone there alone.
- He asked, "Did you go to Spain in 2005?"
He asked whether
she went to Spain in 2005.
Special questions
-
He asked, "What's the matter?"
He asked what the matter was.
-
He asked me, "What are you doing?"
He asked me what I was doing.
-
He asked her, "How long have you been in Moscow?" He asked her how long she had been in Moscow.
-
I asked, "When did you visit New York?"
I asked him when he visited New York.
Commands:
-
She said, "Go to your room." She told me to go to my room.
-
She said, "Buy some bread, please."
She asked me to buy some bread.
- He ordered, "Stay where you are!"
He ordered them
to stay where they were.
Suggestions:
- He said, "Let's go to the lake."
He suggested that
we go to the lake. / He suggested going to the lake.
- She said, "Why don't you watch a movie?"
She suggested
that we watch a movie. / She suggested watching a movie.
Sentences with modal verbs:
Modal
verbs in the subordinate clause agree with the past verb in the main clause in
the following way: "can" is changed to "could",
"may" is changed to "might", "will" is changed to
"would". "Must" is usually replaced with "had to"
but may remain unchanged in some cases. "Could, might, ought to, should,
would" do not change.
-
She said,
"I can't find your book."
She said that she couldn't find my book.
-
She said,
"I must go to the bank."
She told me that she had to go to the bank.
-
She said, "He may refuse to do it." She said that he might
refuse to do it.
-
She said, "You should call him."
She said that I should call him.
-
She asked him, "Could I see Miss Robinson, please?" She asked
him whether she could see Miss Robinson.
When a sentence is made and
reported at the same time and the fact is still true.
- Michael: "I am thirsty." Michael
said he is thirsty.
-
“I am hungry.”
He says (that) he is hungry.
-
The teacher
said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
- The teacher said that water freezes at 32
degrees Fahrenheit.
The tenses will not change if
the statement is still relevant or if it is a universal truth.
We can
often choose whether to keep the original tenses or change them. In this
Indirect Speech, both the past tense and the present tense make the sentence a
correct one.
If the
reporting verb is in the present tense:
-
The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.” The teacher said that
the earth goes round the sun.
- She said, “German is easy to learn.” She said
that German was/is easy to learn.
-
He said to us, “American schools begin in September.” He told us that American schools begin in September.
-
Sandy: "I will never go to work." Sandy says she will never go
to work.
- Joanna: “I have just arrived in Hanoi.”
Joanna says she has just arrived
in Hanoi.
The reported words are true at the time of
reporting:
- George: I'm meeting Karen tomorrow.
George
said he is meeting Karen tomorrow. (reported on the same day, tomorrow still
refers to tomorrow)
Compare:
George
said he was meeting Karen the following day. (reported days later, the meeting
has already happened)
The reported words express a
general truth:
- Copernicus: The planets revolve around the sun.
Copernicus
stated that the planets revolve around the sun. (it is a general truth) Compare:
Once, people believed that the earth was flat. (The reported words are no
longer true; people do not believe that the earth is flat)
-
Dan: "Asia is the largest continent." Dan said Asia is the
largest continent.
-
Emma: "People in Africa are starving." Emma said people in
Africa are starving.
The reported words refer to an
unreal situation:
- Mike: I wish I was a year older; then I could
enter the race.
Mike wished he
was a year older, so he could enter the race. (he is not older)
With modal verbs would, might,
could, should, ought to, used to:
- "I would try it." He said he would
try it.
-
"I might
come." Mimi said she might come.
- "I could fail." Steve said he could fail.
-
"He
should stay in bed." Linda said he ought to stay in bed.
- "I used to have a car." Mel said he
used to have a car.
After
“wish, would rather, had better, it is time.”
- "I wish they were in Greece." Margo
said she wished they were in Greece.
- "I would rather fly." Matt said he
would rather fly.
-
"They had
better go." Betty said they had better
go.
- "It is time I got up." Paul said it
was time he got up.
In
“if clauses.”
- Martha: "If I tidied my room, my dad
would be happy."
Martha said that
if she tidied her room, her dad would be happy.
In
“time clauses.”
- Joe: "When I was staying in Madrid I met
my best friend."
He said that
when he was staying in Madrid he met his best friend.
We do not change the past tense in spoken English if it is clear from the
situation when the action happened. The Past simple tense ile anlatılan, özellikle tarihte yaşanmış olaylar,
dolaylı anlatımda zaman değişikliğine uğramazlar:
-
"She
did it on Sunday," I said. I said she did it on Sunday.
-
The teacher said ‘The Second World War broke out in 1939.’ The teacher
said (that) the Second World War broke out in
1939.
We must change it, however, in the following sentence, otherwise
it will not be clear whether we are talking about the present or past feelings.
-
"I hated
her," he said. He said he had hated her.
We do not usually change the
modal verbs must and needn't.
But must
can become had to or would have to and needn't can become didn't have to or
wouldn't have to if we want to express an obligation.
-
"I must
wash up." He said he must wash up/he had to
wash up.
- "I needn't be at school today." He
said he needn't be/didn't have to be at school that day.
-
"We must
do it in June." He said they would have to do it in June.
If the modal verb must does not
express obligation, we do not change it.
-
"We must relax for a while."
(suggestion) He said they must relax for a while.
-
"You must be tired after such a trip." (certainty) He said we must be tired after such a trip.
Atasözleri, ünlü kişilere ait özdeyişler
ya da değişmeyen gerçekler zaman değişikliğine uğramazlar:
-
The scientist
said ‘Man cannot live without water.’
The scientist
said (that) man cannot live without water.
In a “yes-no” question, the quoted question begins
with an auxiliary verb form such as “is, are, am, do, does, has, have, can,
will, must”. The expected answer is either “yes or no” (+ or -).
A reported “yes-no” question also begins with the main clause, but is
followed by the content of the quote as it relates to the speaker in time,
person, place, and direction, at the moment of speaking.
A subordinating marker “if or whether” links the reported speech to the main
clause.
This type of question
is reported by using “if / whether + clause”.
•
Ask: request information. My father always
asks if I am well. (Most commonly used!)
•
Inquire: request information (formal). Mr.
Smith inquired whether my family was well.
•
Question: settle doubt,
challenge someone's answers. My father questioned if we were being truthful.
(not be used with quoted speech)
•
Request: ask for. Mr Jones
requested information about whether we were hiring or not. (not be used with
quoted speech)
Asked
Wondered / inquired
Wanted to
know / to learn / to find out Was / were anxious to know
Was/ were
eager to learn Was / were curious to find out
[Anxious: endişeli, kaygılı, istekli; Eager: istekli,
hevesli; Curious: meraklı, ilgili ]
- "Are
you tired?" She asked whether I was/were tired.
- "Do you
live here?” She inquired if I lived there.
-
"May I come too?" She asked whether she might come
too.
-
"Can I help?" She asked if she could help.
- "Will you leave soon?" She inquired whether we would leave soon.
-
"Must you do that?" She questioned if I had to do that exactly then.
- "Are
you working?" She asked whether I was/were working.
-
"Were you married?" She asked whether I had been married.
-
"Did you get married?" She asked if I had gotten married.
- "Were
you calling?" She asked whether I had been calling.
-
"Have you called yet?" She asked if I had called yet.
- "Have you been calling me?"She
asked if I had been calling her.
- "Do you
like dancing?" *She asked whether I like dancing.
-
"What
shall we learn today?" She asked what we should learn today.
- "May I open a new browser?" She
asked if she might open a new browser.
Examples:
- “Do you like English?” He asked me if I liked English.
- Are you going to Tom’s wedding? She asked me
if I was going to Tom’s wedding.
-
"Did you
come by train?" He enquired whether I had come by train.
-
Have you
bought a new outfit for it? She wondered whether I had bought a new outfit for it.
-
“Do you suppose you know better than your father?” His angry mother
jeered and asked if he supposed that he knew better than his father.
-
"Do we have enough money for gas?" My friend wanted to know
whether we had enough money for gas.
- "Is your brother coming too?"My
friend asked if my brother was going too.
-
"Can you drive us?” My friends ask whether I could
drive them.
When
we are reporting questions is that there is no inversion (or change of the word
order) of subject and verb in reported
speech and no do/does/did when the question is reported. “Bana, ona” sordu
durumunda “ask” kullanılır.
- "How are you now?" She asked how I was then.
- "Where are you going today?" She
asked where I was going that day.
-
"Whom did
you call yesterday?" She asked whom I had called the day before.
-
"Whom
were you calling last week?" She asked whom I had been calling last week.
- "Where have you been recently?" She asked where I had been recently.
-
"How have
you been doing so far?" She asked how I had been doing up until then.
- What’s the matter? She asked me what the
matter was.
- How do you feel today? The doctor asked her
how she felt.
-
Where are you
going? I wanted to know where she was going.
- Who is that girl in the red dress? I wondered
who that girl in the red dress was.
-
How did you
make this salad? I wondered how she’d made that salad.
- “How much does that cost? He asked me how
that cost.
-
“When will you
come back? He wanted to when I should come back.
-
“How did you
do it? I asked him how he had done it.
- “What time is it? He asked me what time it was.
-
“Where can I
find him? He wondered where he could find him.
-
“Whom did you
see at the station? He asked me whom I had seen at the station.
- “What are you doing here?” He asked me what I
was doing there.
-
“Where are you
going?” The Policemen asked us where we were
going.
- “Will you listen to such a man?” He asked
them if they would listen to such a man.
Note:
“would like to find out” ifadeleri ile 1. Dereceden past almaz.
Example:
“where have you been?” They would like to find out where I have been.
If you want
to report “requests, advice, promises
or instructions”, it can sometimes be done fairly simply by
using this construction.
Formulation:
Subject + Reported verb + pronoun (somebody) + (not) to + infinitive + something
Reported Verbs: told, advised, asked, warned, ordered, promised, requested,
shouted, commaned
-
Could you show
me where the shops are?
He asked me to
show him where the shops were.
- Can you lend me $50? Then he asked me to lend
him $50.
-
Don’t come and
visit me yet. I’m infectious!
She advised me
not to come and visit her as she was still infectious.
- Don’t go too near the edge of the cliffs.
It’s too dangerous.
They warned us
not to go too near the edge of the cliffs as it was too dangerous.
- Turn the music down! I’m trying to get to sleep.
He told us to
turn the music down as he was trying to get to sleep.
- I told them to turn the music down as I was
trying to get to sleep.
-
I think you should leave now. It’s very late.She
ordered us to leave as it was very
late. I ordered them to leave as it was very
late.
- I’ll write to you as soon as I get back home.
-
She promised to write to me as soon as she got back home. I promised to write to her as soon
as I got back home.
-
He said to Mary, “Please wait here till I return.” He requested Mary to
wait there till he returned.
- “Call the first witness”, said the Judge.
The Judge
commanded them to call the first witness.
- He shouted, “Let me go.” He shouted to them
to let him go.
- He said, “Be quite and listen to my words”.
He urged them to be quite and listen to his
words.
Orders, instructions, directions, imperatives:
Order:
sipariş, instruction: talimat, direction: direktif, imperative: emirler
- “Sit down!” He told me to sit down.
-
“Don’t smoke,
children.” The teacher told the children not to smoke.
- “Don’t drive too fast!” My mother told me not
drive too fast.
- Raja said to John, “Go away.” Raja ordered
John to go away.
Exclamation and the wishes:
“The
Indirect Speech” is introduced by some verb expressing “Exclamation” and
“Wishes”.
- He said, “Alas! I am undone”. He exclaimed
sadly that he was undone.
-
Alice said, “How clever
I am?” Alice exclaimed that he was very clever.
- He said, “Bravo! You have done well.” He
applauded him, saying that he had done well.
-
“So help me,
Heaven!” he cried, “I will never steal again”.
He called upon
Heaven to witness his resolve never to resolve.
Reporting suggestions and commands:
There are a few verbs like “suggest” or
“insist” that require the subjunctive when they are used in reported
speech. This is very difficult to get right, so if you want to impress your
friends, learn it!
-
Let’s go to
Brighton for the weekend.
Why don’t we go
to Brighton for the weekend?
I suggested that we should go to Brighton for the weekend. I suggested we
go to Brighton for the weekend.
- You must do the washing up before you go out.
I insisted that she should do the washing up before she went out. I
insisted that she do the washing up before she went out.
I commanded her to do the washing up
before she went out.
Reporting verbs: claim, accuse, boast, threaten, advise, exclaim,
inquire, deny, insist, suggest, shout, wonder, remind, beg, admit, whisper,
protest, complain, inform, agree, instruct, demand, apologize, accept, offer,
greet, refuse, decide. Okey, All
right gibi ifadelerle başlayan tırnak içi ifadelerin aktarımı, rapor edilmede
kullanılır.
“Thank you.” He thank me
“Hello.” He
said. He greeted me. He hailed the army.
Apologize to sbd for + Ving
sth: özür dilemek
Apologize to sbd for having + V3 something:
özür dilemiş olmak
- “I am sory. I broke your glass.” He
apologized to me for having broken my glass.
Offer sbd sth: önermek
Offer to do sth for
sbd: önermiş olmak
- “Would you like a cup of coffee?” she asked.
She offered him a cup of coffee.
- “Shall I carry it for you?” he asked. He
offered to carry it for me.
Complain about sth: Şikayet etmek
Complain to do sth: Şikayet etmiş olmak
-
“There is too
much noise here.” she asked. She complained about the noise.
-
How to complain about human rights treaty violations. İnsan hakları
antlaşması ihlalleri nasıl şikayet edilir.
Promise to do sth: Bir şey yapmaya söz
vermek Decide to do sth: Bir şey yapmaya karar vermek
-
“I will help you with the washing
up.” She said. She promised to help me with the washing up.
Accept to do
sth: Çay, kahve, süt kabul etmek (X refuse, turn down, reject) Admit doing sth:
Suçunu kabul etmek (X deny doing something)
Admit having + V3 : Yapmış olduğunu kabul etmek (X deny having done something)
Agree to do sth g: Öneri, işi
teklifi kabul etmek
- “Yes, I broke the glass,” he said. He
admitted having broken the glass. [Kırmış olduğunu …]
Denied having + V3 :
- “I didn’t steal the necklace,” he said.
He denied having
stolen the necklace. [çalmış olduğunu …]
Accuse
sbd of doing sth: birşeyi yapmakla suçlanmak
Accuse sbd of having done sth: birşeyi yapmış olmakla
suçlanmak Charge sbd with doing sth: birşeyi yapmakla suçlanmak
Charge sbd with having done: something birşeyi yapmış
olmakla suçlanmak Blame sbd for doing
sth: birşeyi yapmakla suçlanmak
Blame sbd for having done sth: birşeyi yapmış olmakla
suçlanmak
- “You have stolen the money.”
He accused me of having stolen the money.
- He accused me of stealing a car.
- He accused me of having stolen a car.
Remind sbd to do sth: birisine birşey yapmasını
hatırlatmak. Remind me to V: birisine birşey yapmasını hatırlatmak.
Don’t forget to V: birisine birşey yapmasını hatırlatmak. Informed
(sbd) that + 1.past: bilgilendirmek, haberdar
etmek.
-
“don’t forget
call me.” He reminded to call him.
-
He told me not to forget to call him. [Orders, Instructions, Directions,
Imperatives bölümünde anlatılan emir ile aktarım]
- “The minister will arrive at the station at
exactly 9:30.” He informed.
Put the blame on
sbd: suçu birinin üzerine atmak Blame it on sbd: suçu birinin üzerine atmak
Threaten to do sth: bir şey yapmak ile tehdit etmek.
Exclaim: bağırmak. [direct cümlede kullanılır.] Shout: bağırmak
Protested that + clause: pretesto etmek
Whisper: fısıldamak – direct cümlede kullanılır. Wonder: merak etmek, sormak, acaba
-
“Hey, can you
hear me?” “Hey, you can hear me, ” he exclaim.
- “I will tell you a secret.” whisper
- “didn’t you see the red light?” shout
- “Somebody forgot this hat. I wonder whose hat
this is.”
Beg sbd to (not) do something: birisine birşey yapmak için
yalvarmak, rica etmek.
-
I beg you to believe that I
care very deeply for your daughter.
Boasted that + 1.past: öğünmek
Eager to V: Istekli olmak
- He
boasted that he could speak even Arabic.
- “Why are they crying?” She was eager to learn why they
were crying.
Claim that
+ 1.past: iddia etmek, talep etmek Claim to V
Claim + noun
Insist: ısrar etmek. [1 ve 2
çekimsiz, 3. Ise on preposition ile kullanılır.]
-
She insisted that I go to her party. She insited that I should go to her
party. She insisted on my going to her party.
Suggest, recommend, advise
-
He suggested that we (not) go to the cinema. [çekimsiz] He suggested that
we should (not) go to cinema. [çekimsiz]
He suggested going to the cinema.
He suggested us to
go to the cinema.
Note: Yukarıdaki fiillerden sonra
somebody gelirse sonra “to” gelir. Note: advice: öneri [noun], advise:
önermek [verb]
-
The Prime Minister highly recommended that every one use less electricity
at home and that people not waste water.
- “You should stop smoking.” The doctor advises
me to stop smoking.
Example:
A: “What time
should she start to work?”
B: I suggest that she should be here
about 8:30. I suggest that she be here about 8:30.
I suggest being
here about 8:30. I suggest her to be here about 8:30.
Consider: dikkate almak,
gözönünde bulundurmak, düşünmek
- I consider that she is intelligent. I
consider her to be intelligent.
-
I consider her
as an intelligent person. I consider her intelligent.
- She is considered as being intelligent. She
is considered as an intelligent person.
-
She is
considered an intelligent person. It is considered that she is intelligent
Regard:saymak, bakmak, göz önüne almak
- I regard that she is intelligent.
View:
görünüm, incelemek, seyretmek, görüş alarak görmek
- I view that she is intelligent.
-
Your daughter is upset because there is a lot of unpleasantness going on
in her class. She says that one girl in particular has been telling lies and
trying to manipulate the other girls in the class. You know that this girl’s
parents were recently divorced, and you think that this may be the reason for
the girl’s behaviour. You want your daughter to understand this, so you say:
Have you thought about the possibility that this girl is acting this way
because she feels insecure after her parents’
divorce?
-
Your friend, who was recently widowed, tells you that he has made plans
to get married. You think it is still far too early for your friend to be
thinking about re-marriage as he hasn’t yet had time to recover from the loss
of his wife. You want to tell him this in a gentle manner so as not to make him
angry or hurt his feelings. You say: Are you sure you’re ready to take such a
big step? Why not wait a while?
-
The FBI said that although she had sent and received sensitive material
there was no evidence of intent.
-
The Cuban foreign ministry said (that) the ship was carrying obsolete
Soviet-era arms from Cuba for repair in North
Korea.
- He says that if any such evidence existed, it
would have been published in a scientific journal.
