Noun Clauses ~ Grammar

Noun Clauses

İp uçları

The following conjunctions are used to form Noun Clauses in English:

That / the fact that

whether / if

Question Words: why, where, when, how, how long, how much, how often, what, whose, which

İsim cümlecikleri cümlenin öznesi veya nesnesi olur.

Cümle tamamlama sorularında fiil’den sonra boşluktan sonra cümle geliyorsa “that” veya fiiline göre “QW”’li bir bağlaç aranmalıdır. (I know that he didn't come. I wondered why he didn't come) Diğer bir deyişle, noun clause’larda bağlaçlardan önce fiil gelir.

İsim cümlecikkleri ile ana cümlede zaman uyumu olması şart değildir. Zaman uyumu sadece “reported speech” yapısında kullanılır.

It is seen that he have gone.

Preposition + noun cümleciği: Preposition yapısından sonra bir isim gelir. İsim cümlecikleri ismin yerine kullanıldıkları için “preposition” dan sonra noun clause gelebilir.

My boss is interested in what I can do for the company.

Fiil grubu + İsim cümleciği: Fiilden sonra zarf, yer tamlaması, ek açıklamalar veya bir zaman gibi ek ifadeler kullanıldığı fiil grubundan sonra Noun clause gelebilir.

It has been claimed, but never confirmed by the US Federal Reserve, that the reasons for introducing the new-design dollar bills were the persistent reports of high quality counterfeits circulating in the Middle East.

Eğer “that” ile verilen cümlecik fiilin önünde veya sonunda ise bu bir isim cümleciğidir. Eğer “that” ile verilen cümlecik içerisinde özne ve nesne var ise nesne var ise bu bir isim cümleciğidir.

1. Noun clause as subject of a sentence

“The fact that” clauses are similar in meaning to “that” clauses; however, they are generally considered less formal. ''The fact that'' cümledeki eylemin kesin, doğru ve ispatlanabilir olduğunu vurgular.

That he studies lesson is important. It is important that he studies lesson.

Why / where / when / how he studies lesson is important.

What he studies is important.

Which book he studies is important.

Whether he studies lesson or not is important.

The belief + that + Clause + is not true.

The idea + that + Clause is a fallory.

The opinion + that + Clause is not a fallory.

The assumption + that + Clause is a misconception.

The theory + that + Clause is not a misconception.

The hypothesis + that + Clause is without foundation.

The thesis + that + Clause is not without foundation.

The wide spread opinion + that + Clause

Kara kedinin uğursuzluk getirdiği inanışı asılsızdır.

The belief that a black cat brings misfortune is without foundation.

That / The fact that + Noun Clause + is/was + adjectives / Ving:

It is very important that she should see a doctor.

The fact that she should see a doctor is very important. That she should see a doctor is very important.

Her be seeing a doctor is very important.

It is clear that he will confess to his guilt. Suçunu itiraf edeceği açıktır.

That he will confess to his guilt is clear.

It was not known how he had committed the crime. Onun suçu nasıl işlediği bilinmiyor.

It was very hard that we overcame this issue. Bu meselenin üstesinden gelmemiz çok zordu. That we overcame this issue was very hard.

It is expected that they will resume peace talks. That they will resume peace talks is expected. Onların barış görüşmelerine devam edecekleri beklenilmektedir.

It is a fact that earth goes around the sun. That earth goes around the sun is a fact.

It is known that our world is round.

That our world is round is known. Dünyamızın yuvarlak olduğu biliniyor.

The fact that she couldn’t pass the exam dissappointed us. Onun sınavı geçememesi bizi hayal kırıklığına ugrattı.

Yesterday in class we discussed the fact that the war of independence was won with great difficulty. Dün sınıfta bağımsızlık savaşının büyük zorluklarla kazanılması(olayını)nı tartıştık.

It has long been known that bats use ultrasonic beams to follow insects through the dark.

2.	Noun clause as object of a sentence

I know that he studies English.

I know why he studies lesson.

I know where he studies lesson.

I know how he studies lesson.

I know what he studies.

I don’t know whether/if he studies lesson (or not).

“Neyi/ Neye”, “Kim/ Kimi/ Kime” gibi sorular yanıtlanır.
Verbs that permit or require tensed “that” complements as objects: believe, claim,		expect,

know, assume, discover, explain, find, find_out, imagine, learn, perceive, prove, see, point out, promise, show, think, and understand.

No one knows how speech began.

I know that he is a capable teacher.

I am sure that you will succeed.

The judge decided that the suspect was innocent. (Hakim zanlının masum olduğuna karar verdi.)

In 1978, scientists discovered that the planet Pluto has a satellite.

The dealer promised that I would receive a $500 rebate.

We learnt that they had agreed on the matter. (Onların mevzuda hemfikir olduklarını öğrendik.)

I don’t believe that he helps anybody.

Did you say that London is a noisy city?

I think that he is he is a good dentist.

It seems obvious that the weather will be rainy.

The scientists believe that the auroras are caused by the action of the earth’s magnetic fields on electrons from the sun.

Many scientists believe that our sanitized surroundings are fostering allergic disorders in children, which have doubled in the last decade.

They told me that they had no problem with me as personally, they had a problem with my country.

The two sides announced that they had signed an aggrement. (Her iki taraf bir anlaşma imzalamış olduklarını bildirdiler.)

We feared that the results could be negative. (Sonuçların negatif olabileceğinden korktuk.)

No one knows how this problem can be resolved. (Kimse bu problemin nasıl çözülebileceğini bilmiyor.)

The rescue team suggested that the disaster area (should) be evacuated immediately. (Kurtarma ekibi felaket bölgesinin derhal boşaltılmasını önerdi.)

For decades, scientists have worked to understand how and why the first oxygen was pumped into the air. They have long suspected that life itself was responsible for creating the air that we breathe.

The industrialists entering this market claim that a fierce competition will occur in the month ahead.

(Bu piyasaya giren sanayiciler, önümüzdeki aylarda acımasız bir rekabetin meydana geleceğini iddia etmektedirler.)

The scientists aren’t sure certain whether this treatment can achieve the result desired.

Bilimadamları, bu tedavinin arzulanan sonuçları gerçekleştirip gerçekleştiremeyeceğinden emin değiller.

Note: Aktif cümleler için “gerund”, pasif cümleler için “V₃” kullanılır ve bunlar bir sıfat sözcüğü gibi niteledikleri ismin önüne yazılabilir.

We aware that it is rather dificult to draw some conclusion from the data. Verilerden bazı sonuçlar çıkarmanın oldukça zor olduğunun farkındayız.

Note: Noun Clause’larda “to be aware of”un “of” edatı yazılmaz. Çünkü, Noun Clause’larda sadece “that”in önüne edat gelmez, diğer tüm “Noun Clause” lar başlarına edat alırlar.

He was rather reluctant to tell us how long the experiment he was conducting would last.

O yapmakta olduğu deneyin ne kadar süreceğini bize söylemeye oldukça isteksizdi.

Note: Bu cümlenin, “us” ve “how long the experiment he was conducting would last” olmak üzere iki nesnesi vardır. Dikkat edilirse ikinci nesne bir Noun Clause cümleciğidir. Böyle iki nesneli cümlelerde karışıklığı önlemek için “Noun Clause” nesnesi sonra söylenir.

They said that there were other methots which we could resort to. Onlar, bizim başvurabileceğimiz başka metotların olduğunu söylediler.

Hint: Böyle cümleler de zaman uyumuna da özellikle dikkat etmek gerekir.

We are unable to convince the patient that he could recover soon. Biz hastayı kısa sürede iyileşebileceğine inandıramadık.

Test results suggest / imply / indicate that + Clause:

Test results suggest that + Clause: Test sonuçları …olduğunu öne sürmektedir.

The test results suggest that Asian students are dominating the world academically. Test results imply that + Clause: Test sonuçları …olduğunu ima etmektedir.

The Goodyear test results imply that tire inflation can have a significant impact on stopping distance.

Test results indicate that + Clause: Test sonuçları …olduğunu belirtmektedir / göstermektedir.

Test results indicate that the proposed reflector structure can effectively improve the directivity pattern of stacked antenna and aperture coupled antenna, promote the front-to-back ratio, and reduce the thickness of the antenna.

Test results implicate that + Clause: Test sonuçları …olduğunu kapsamaktadır / içermektedir.

Require/ suggest/recommend ...+ that + S + Infinitive (without to) + O

Some executives require that the secretary be responsible for writing all reports as well as for balancing the books.

3. Noun clause as complement

Tümleçler; özne, yüklem ve nesne dışında cümleyi tamamlayan yapılardır.

Note: İngilizce’de “be” ve “become” (olmak) fiillerinden sonra gelen kelimeler de tümleçtirler.

The most fundamental reason was that Italy in the later Middle Ages was the most advanced urban society in all of Europe.

My belief is that you will get over this problem. Inancım sizin bu sorunu aşacağınızdır.

John’s mistake was that he refused to take his friend’s advice.

Our doubt is who killed the man. (Şüphemiz adamı kimin öldürdüğüdür.)

The question is why / where / when / how long / how / whether he studies lesson.

What amazes me is that he studies lesson.

The reason for his interest is that he studies lesson.

What is suprising is that he studies lesson.

That is why + clause: “because of this” or “therefore.”

That's why people admire you.

That's why she appears so happy.

That is why you lock your doors when you leave home.

That is why big companies spend millions of dollars choosing the right name.

Noun clauses can be used in subject complement position in response to some statements as the following:

Whenever I go to Malatya, I stay at hotel. That is where I stay, too.

I was late because I missed the bus. That is why I was late, too.

I learned typing by practicing a lot on my own. That is how I learned typing, too.

I like fish best of all. That is what I like, too.

The fact is that …: Gerçek şu ki …

Note: … is a fact: … bir gerçektir.

The truth is that + Cause: Gerçek şu ki …

The problem is that + Clause: Problem şu ki …

The trouble is that + Clause

The trouble is that we are short money.

Not: Bu yapıda “that” yerine “the fact that” gelmez. Most + journalists are of the opinion + that + Clause

4. Whether /if

Gramatik olarak isim cümleciklerinde bağlaçlardan sonra daima bir özne vardır. Cümlede özne konumunda olan isim cümleciği başa alınırsa bu kullanımda bağlaç olarak “If” kullanılamaz.

Cümle başında “whether” kullanılır, if kullanılmaz. [subject compliment]

Whether /or …: ister o ister öbürü / ya o ya da öbürü

Whether or not: olsada, olmasada

Whether /or not: olsada, olmasada

Whether /if: olup olmadığı, ister … olun, ister … olun

“Whether”....yapıp ....yapmadığı anlamında olup, olaya iki yönlü bakan bir bağlaçtır.

Yardımcı fiille başlayan bir soruyu noun clause'a dönüştürürken, noun clause'un başına "whether" ya da "If” getirilir ve soru cümlesi, düz cümle biçimine çevrilir. Whether bağlacı bazen “or not” ile de kullanılabilir. Genellikle “or not” ifadesi parantez içinde verilir. “That clause” olgu, yargı; “Whether Clause” ise şüphe, kuşku belirten isimlerden sonra sıklıkla kullanılır. Whether clause’da hep belirsizlik vardır.

Whether you are a confident first-born or a resourceful middle child, your position in the family can affect everything from your choice of career to how successful your marriage is.

İster kendinden emin büyük çocuk, ister çok yönlü ortanca çocuk olun, aile içindeki konumunuz iş seçiminizden evliliğinizin ne kadar başarılı olduğuna kadar her şeyi etkileyebilir.

Whether you are interested in the ancient, medieval, or modern world, you can find art and architecture from each time period anywhere people resided in the Middle East.

I wonder whether he’s passed the exam. (Sınavı geçip geçmediğini merak ediyorum.)

Whether he’s passed exam is still unknown. (Sınavı geçip geçmediğini hala bilinmiyor.)

I don’t know whether Terry met Jane at the air port on Monday.

I don’t know if he speaks English. I don’t know whether he speaks English.

I wonder whether she is studying at the moment. I wonder if she is studying at the moment.

It is not known whether he has ratified the bill. Onun yasa tasarısını onaylayıp onaylamadığı bilinmiyor. Whether he has ratified the bill is not known.

I am not sure whether he has accepted the offer. Onun öneriyi kabul edip etmediğinden emin değilim.

In the early years of the global warming debate, there was great controversy over whether the planet was indeed warming.

In the last century, much attention was given to the language of literature and the question of whether there was in fact a separate literary language.

Geçen yüzyılda, edebiyat diline ve gerçekte ayrı bir edebî dil olup olmadığı sorusuna çok ilgi gös-terilmiştir.

Whether or:

it is still not clear whether or not he realizes

Whether … or … : ister o ister öbürü / ya o ya da öbürü

He doesn't know whether to apologize or walk away.

Someone's got to tell her, whether it's you or me.

Let's face it - you're going to be late whether you go by bus or train.

He seemed undecided whether to go or stay

Whether it is a stone or rock …

He doesn't know whether to apologize or walk away.

Whether or not : olsada, olmasada

'Whether or not' alternatif koşulları sunmak için kullanılmaktadır. Her iki durumda da sonucun değişmeyeceğini göstermektedir.

It is still not clear whether or not he realizes.

The meeting will hold whether or not she comes.

Whether … or not… : olsada, olmasada

I will go to the party whether they invite me or not. Onlar beni davet etse de etmese de, partiye gideceğim.

No one knows whether they live in the country or not. Onların ülkede yaşayıp yaşamadıklarını kimse 2bilmiyor.

My doubt is whether they will stay or not. Benim kuşkum onların kalıp kalmayacağıdır.

Is she coming to the party? I wonder whether she is coming to the party or not.

I will go to the theatre whether he comes with me or not. (Conditional) O gelse de gelmese de, tiyatroya gideceğim.

I'm going, whether she likes it or not.

No one knows whether they live in the country or not. Onların ülkede yaşayıp yaşamadıklarını kimse bilmiyor.

My doubt is whether they will stay or not. Benim kuşkum onların kalıp kalmayacağıdır.

Is she coming to the party? I wonder whether she is coming to the party or not.

I will go to the theatre whether he comes with me or not. (Conditional) O gelse de gelmese de, tiyatroya gideceğim.

I'm going, whether she likes it or not.

'Whether' and 'if' are used as follows:

To express alternatives:

I don't know whether/if I'll go to the party on Saturday (or not).

To report a question:

Are you going to the party?

She asked me whether/if I was going to the party (or not).

Yüklemden sonra ‘whether’ veya ‘if’ kullanabilir. [object of a verb]

I don’t know whether/if she’ll be admitted to the university.

Sıfattan sonra ‘whether’ veya ‘if’ kullanabilir. [adjective compliment]

It is doubtful whether/if she’ll be admitted to the university.

Only “whether” can be used in the following cases:

When followed by an infinitive: I don't know whether to go to the party or not.

After prepositions: It depends on whether I get home early or not.

When whether begins a clause which is the subject of a sentence:

Whether I go to the party or to the cinema makes no difference to me.

When followed directly by 'or not':

I'll be happy whether or not I go to the party.

Whether is used when talking about a choice you have to make or about something that is not certain.

Whether she’ll be admitted to the university is not known yet.

Whether we will go mountain climbing tomorrow depends on the weather.

to be fiilinden sonra whether kullanılır [if kullanılmaz] [subject]

What she wants to find out is whether she’ll be admitted to the university.

İsimden sonra sadece whether kullanılır. [if kullanılmaz] [appositive]

The question whether she’ll be admitted to the university is not answered yet.

Preposition’dan sonra ‘whether’ kullanılır, if kullanılmaz. [object of a preposition]

Everything depends on whether she’ll be admitted to the university. “If” kullanılmadığı durumlar:

I wonder whether she will come or not.

I wonder whether or not she will come. (if or not diye bir kullanım şekli yok)

I am wondering whether to have the fish or the beef. (if to have olmaz, if+to infinitive yanlış)

“If” cümlecikleri bir adverbial clause olan if clause ile karıştırmamalıdır:

I don’t know if she is old enough. [NC]

You can marry if she is old enough. (=If she is old enough you can marry.)

Whether / if: olup olmadığı

Whether

He asked me Whether or not I was hungry Whether ___ or not

I want to know whether the boss called me. I want to know if the boss called me.

Incorrect: I must know if or not she likes fish. Not: or not kullanımına dikkat ediniz.

He asked me whether I was hungry. Aç olup olmadığımı sordu. Cümlede özne konumunda olan isim cümleciği başa alınırsa bu kullanımda bağlaç olarak “If” kullanılamaz.

Example: ___ we come on time is important to our boss.

a) What b) When c) The fact d) If e) Whether or not

“What” ve “when” sorusunun cevabı cümlede bulunmaktadır. Olup olmadığı sorgusunda “If” cümlenin başına gelemez. Doğru cevap: E

5. Questions in noun clauses

Soru sözcükleri ile:

The policeman asked me ‘Where are you going?’ Polis bana ‘nereye gidiyorsun?’ diye sordu.

The policeman asked me where I was going. Polis bana nereye gittiğimi sordu.

Soru kelimeleri (Question Words) isim cümleciklerinde bağlaç olarak kullanılır. İsim cümleciklerinde soru kelimlerinin kullanımını, normal soru cümleleri ve “ Interrogative Pronouns” ile karıştırılmamaldır.

Normal soru cümleleri

What can I do for you? (Sizin için ne yapabilirim?)

Where are you going? (Nereye gidiyorsun?)

When will you come back? (Ne zaman döneceksiniz?)

How long will you be staying here? (Burada ne kadar süre kalacaksınız?)

Interrogative Pronouns: Which, Who, Whose, Whom, What, What if

Which pencil is yours? Whose is this book?

What do you want to buy? Whom have you seen today?

- Who broke my pen? Whom did you give the Money?

What if the reserves had not been there?

QW + Tümcecik + Fiil + Tümleç:

Where he went is still unknown.

What you ought to say is important.

What is she doing? [question]

I don’t know what she is doing. [Noun Clause]

Where does she come from? [Question]

I know where she comes from. [Noun Clause]

Özne sorulduğunda; özne atılır yerine insan için “who”, cansız için “what” getirilir. Cümle “he, she, it” gibi işlem görür.

David likes John. Who likes John? Whome David likes.

Özne soruları hem soru hemde noun caluse olarak kullanılmaktadır.

What happened? I don’t know what happened.

Who is coming? Who is coming is important.

An accident happened last night. What happened last night? When it happened?

He told me that he was going to resign. Bana istifa edeceğini söyledi.

Are you sure that they want to buy my car? Onların benim arabamı satın almak istediklerinden emin misiniz?

We're pleased to inform you that your account has been approved.

I don’t know who Tom was going to phone.

No one seemed to know when the festival was due to start.

Who first reported the fire is still uncertain.

Where the pilot finally managed to land is not known.

Question Words and Noun Clauses:

QW: Which, Whose, Who, Whom, Where, When, Why, How, What, Whether

I have forgotten whose house that is.

She forgets who had broken that window.

I don’t remember to whom I have given it.

He reminded me whom I had seen on the way to school.

He asked me when I was born.

She didn’t tell me when she had come back.

I don’t know why they haven’t come.

No one knows why he doesn’t work at all

She won’t tell anybody why she is angry.

That boy has forgotten why his father has sent him here.

He didn't know how he should answer.

We couldn’t learn how this event happened. Bu olayın nasıl oluştuğunu öğrenemedik.

I don’t know how he makes his living.

She forgot how many eggs she had bought.

He asked me how far Chicago was to New York.

She told me what happened at the cinema last night.

I want you to tell me what time you will return.

What did he say? I couldn’t hear what he said.

I don’t remember where I have put my bag.

They couldn’t tell me where they had spent last night.

She asked me where I was last night.

We told them where we had a picnic.

I don’t know where he is working. Onun nerede çalıştığını bilmiyorum.

She didn’t decide where we had to meet. O nerede buluşmamız gerektiğine karar veremedi.

He asked her about whether he should go.

It’s hard to explain what makes Hong Kong so exhilarating.

How mountains obscured by Venus’s clouds reveal themselves

Question in Noun Clauses

Note: “Does, did,” and “do” are used in questions but not in noun clauses.

Do you show me which window you have broken?

Do you know which house they live in?

Do you remember whose book it is?

Tell me who that girl is?

Do you know who has brought my pencil?

Did you forget whom you met in the street?

When do they arrive? Do you know when they arrive?

Can you yell me? Where can I find stamps? Can you tell me where I can buy some stamps?

Do you know? When will they arrive here? Dou you know when they will arrive here?

Indirect Question:

Where are my keys? I wonder if you know where my keys are. [Indirect information question]

Is he coming with us? I don’t know if he is coming with us. [indirect Yes/No question] Explanation: Or not can also immediately follow whether, but cannot follow if.

Example: Do you know whether or not it’s going to rain tomorrow?

What is she doing? I don’t know what she is doing. What she is doing is important. (S + V + O)

Who is coming? Who is coming is important. (S + V + O) I know who is coming. (noun clause)

I don’t know. Where does she live? I don’t know where she lives.

I wonder it. Why didn’t you come to the party? I wonder why you didn’t come to the party.

Who are those people? I wonder it. I wonder who those people are.

Whose car is it? Do you know this? Do you know whose car it is?

Who is he? I don’t know it. I don’t know who he is.

Who killed this man? Nobody knows it. Nobody knows who killed this man.

What happened? Do you know it? Do you know what happened?

Who is responsible for this accident? I have no idea. I have no idea who is responsible for this accident.

How did the robbers open the safe? This must be investigated. How the robbers opened the safe must be investigated. It must be investigated how the robbers opened the safe.

Why did he resign from his post? It doesn’t concern me. Why he resigned from his post doesn’t concern me. It doesn’t concern me why he resigned from his post.

No matter + (QW): …olursa olsun

No matter means ‘it doesn’t matter’. It is used with who, whose, which, what, when, where and how. After no matter, we use a present tense with a future meaning. The conjunctions no matter who/what etc., are used rather like whoever, whatever etc. No matter + wh_ = Wh_ever

Whatever=no matter what

Whyever=no matter why: niçin olursa olsun.

No matter whom phones, tell him I am out. (Kim telefon ederse etsin dışarıda olduğumu söyle.)

No matter where you go, I will follow you.

No matter where he runs away, the police will eventually catch him. (O nereye kaçarsa kaçsın, polis sonunda onu yakalayacak.)

You will be welcome no matter when you come.

No matter what you say, I won’t believe you. (Whatever you say, I won’t believe you.)

Phone me when you arrive, no matter how late it is. (Phone me when you arrive, however late it is.)

No matter what he does, he can’t persuade us. (O ne yaparsa yapsın bizi ikna edemez.)

No matter what happens, I will stand by you. (Ne olursa olsun seni destekleyeceğim.)

No matter how good the food we eat is, if it is not well digested, absorbed into the blood and assimilated into the cells, we can, in time, develop symptoms and nutritional deficiency.

We have to get the car fixed, no matter how much it costs. (Kaç para tutarsa tutsun arabayı tamir ettirtmemiz lazım.)

“What” ile “that / the fact that” arasındaki fark:

What she bought was expensive.

That / the fact that she bought me the car was wonderfull

Hints:

boşluğun bulunduğu kısımda “ne” sorusun yanıtı var ise “that” ya da “the fact that”; “ne” sorusunun yanıtı yok ise “what” kullanıır.

“yaptığı şey” ise “what”, “___yaması” ise “that” ya da “the fact that” kullanılır.

Eksiksiz full cümleye “the fact that” gelir.

“Preposition” sonra, noun clause “that” gelmez.

What amazes me= the thing which amazes me=the thing that amazes me=the thing amazing me_. Beni şaşırtan şey.

What makes for agree= the think which make for agree=the think that make for agree=the think making for agree_.

what is being discuss=the think (which is) being discuss= the think (that is ) being discuss=the think being discuss

…Ever Words in Noun Clauses

“…ever” words are frequently used in noun clauses. Whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever,

Since he is rich, he can buy whatever he wants. (noun clause) Since he is rich, he can buy anything that he wants. (relative clause)

It is not known where he hides.

Where he hides is not known? Onun nereye saklandığı bilinmiyor. Is it not known where he hides? Nereye saklandığı bilinmiyor mu?

Is where he hides not known? Onun nereye saklandığı bilinmiyor mu? It is not obvious what he will do. Onun ne yapacağı belli değil.

It was uncertain how long they would stay there. Orada ne kadar kalacağı belli değildir.

Whoever comes first should turn on the main switch.

We have the cars available for rent. You can rent whichever you wish.

She can visit whenever she likes. She can visit us today, tomorrow, nex week,

You can go wherever / anytime you want. You can go to London, Paris, New York, _.

Whatever decision the government may take, the inflation seems to rise. (Hükümet hangi kararı alırsa alsın enflsayonun yükseleceği görünüyor.)

Whatever he does, he can’t please his wife. (Ne yaparsa yapsın karısını memnun edemiyor.)

Whatever your ideas are, you have to explain them. (Fikirlerin her neyse, onları açıklaman gerekir.)

Whatever your problem is, you have to tackle it. (Problemin ne olursa olsun, onunla halletmelisin.)

Whatsoever, whomsoever:

“Whatsoever, whomsoever” hiç anlamına gelir (at all) ve genellikle bağlı oldukları cümlenin sonuna gelirler.

The police have no evidence at all. The police have no evidence whatsoever. Explanation:

The police: polis teşkilatı

Whatsoever=at all: hiç

I didn’t see anybody whomsoever / at all.

“Wh_(so) ever” vurgu amacıyla kullanılmaktadır.

What happened?

What ever happened?

What so ever happened happened. Her ne olduysa oldu.

6. The subjunctive form in noun clauses

The subjunctive mood expresses a hypothetical, suppositional action, wish, or unreal condition contrary to fact. Bir cümlede bir sıfat bir ismi nasıl nitelendiriyorsa bir sıfat cümleciği de aynı görevi yapar. [Subjunctive: dilek kipi]

It is / was + adj

It is / was of great + n That + Clause

It is / was V3

Adj: important, great, significant, vital , essential, mantotary

Noun: importance, significance

V3: suggested, recommended, required, urged

It is very important that she should see a doctor.

It was very hard that we overcame this issue. Bu meselenin üstesinden gelmemiz çok zordu.

It is estimated that the economic sanction can not be lifted in the near future.

Ekonomik yaptırımların yakın gelecekte kaldırılamayacağı tahmin edilebilir.

It was reported that the plain had taken off one hour later due to to lack of measure.

Önlemlerin yetersizliğinden dolayı uçağın bir saat geç kalkmış olduğu rapor edildi.

It was reported that the plain had taken off one hour later due to the lack of taken measure.

Alınan önlemlerin yetersizliğinden dolayı uçağın bir saat geç kalkmış olduğu rapor edildi.

It is reported that the election to be held next week may be postponed. Gelecek hafta yapılacak olan seçimlerin ertelenebileceği bildirilmektedir.

It is said that he can be detained. (Onun gözaltına alınabileceği söyleniyor.)

Modal’ların (Özellikle “can ve may”) bağlaç ile aktarıldığı zaman çevirisinde bir “...ecek,

...acak” anlamı katıldığına dikkat ediniz.

It is expected that the embargo will lifted next year. (Ambargonun gelecek yıl kaldırılacağı umuluyor.)

It was climed that the minister had embezzled money. (Bakanın zimmetine para geçirdiği iddia edildi.)

Subjunctive mood is represented by three forms: Present, Past, Past Perfect. The Subjunctive is used after the following verbs: advise, ask, beg, command, demand, desire, insist, propose, recommend, request, suggest, urge.

Present subjunctive

The Present Subjunctive is used to express (and emphasize) urgency, importance, desirability, demand, order, suggestion, request.

The form of the Present Subjunctive is the base form of the verb (without "to") for all persons: I be, he be, she be, it be, we be, you be, they be; I go, he go, she go, it go, we go, you go, they go.

The Present Subjunctive is used in subject subordinate clauses in sentences with the formal subject "It" after "it is necessary that; it is important that; it is imperative that; it is crucial that; it is vital that; it is essential that; it is urgent that; it is required that; it is advisable that; it is desirable that" and other similar expressions.

Structure:

It is important + that + S + V.

It's important that somebody do something.

It is important that he try to study often. He tries to study often.

It is necessary that he do it immediately.

It is advisable that she consult a doctor.

The doctor insisted that the patient stay in the hospital.

It is advisable that she have some rest before the trip.

It is important that you are the tallest boy in the team.

The fact that you are the tallest boy in the team is important for some reason.

It is important that the contract be signed today.

I move that the meeting be adjourned.

I demand that I be allowed to call my lawyer.

He suggested that the decision be postponed till next week.

It is important that you be at the station before 6pm. (Subjunctive)

It is imperative that we be present at the meeting.

It is important that everything be ready by six o'clock.

After "It's time", either an infinitive or a verb in the subjunctive may be used.

It's time to go to work.

It's time to say good-bye.

It is time to recall that the European Union was founded on the basis of human rights, fundamental freedoms and the rule of law, including the right to a fair trial.

Avrupa Birliği’nin, insan hakları, temel özgürlük-ler ve, adil yargılanma hakkı dahil, hukukun üs-tünlüğü temeli üzerine kurulduğunu anımsama-nın zamanıdır.

It is time for us to leave.

It's time the children were in bed.

It's time we went home.

Constructions "It's high time someone did something" and "It's about time someone did something" express the same meaning emphatically. Such constructions often express criticism or complaint.

It is high time you stopped smoking.

It's about time he became more responsible.

“The Present Subjunctive” does not indicate the time of the action and remains in the same form irrespective of the tense in the main clause.

She asks that the report be ready tomorrow.

She asked that the report be ready tomorrow. She asked that the report be ready yesterday.

“The Present Subjunctive” expressed by the base form of the verb is also found in a number of fixed phrases which to some extent have kept their Old English form. Examples: so be it; far be it from me; if need be; the powers that be; come what may; suffice it to say; till death do us part; God help you; God forbid; God save the Queen; long live the King.

come what may (whatever happens): Come what may, I will always be your true friend.

far be it from me (I have no intention of): Far be it from me to interfere in your affairs, but it seems to me that you don't really understand the situation.

Long live the King!

suffice it to say: I'm not going to tell you about his amazing and dangerous adventures. Suffice it to say that our hero is alive and well.

It is often difficult to distinguish the Present Subjunctive from the Simple Present of the indicative mood. The Present Subjunctive differs from the Simple Present only in the following cases:

forms of the verb “be”;

absence of the ending s/es that is used in the third person singular in the Simple Present;

negative verb forms.

It is necessary that he be in his office in the morning. (Present Subjunctive; the verb BE is in the form "be" for all persons.)

He is in his office in the morning. (Simple Present; the verb BE is in the form "is" for the third person singular.)

It is required that we work on Saturdays. (Present Subjunctive; the verb “work” is in the form

"work" for all persons.)

We work on Saturdays. (Simple Present; the verb “work” is in the form "work" for the first person plural.)

I suggested that she go there every week. (Present Subjunctive; the verb “go” is in the form

"go" for all persons.)

She goes there every week. (Simple Present; the verb “go” is in the form "goes" for the third person singular.)

I suggested that she not go there every week. (Present Subjunctive; "not go" is negative form of the verb “go” for all persons.)

She does not go there every week. (Simple Present; "does not go" is negative form of the verb “go” for the third person singular.)

The Present Subjunctive is not used very often. It is necessary to understand the use of the Present Subjunctive, but you can always use simpler constructions in the indicative mood in your own speech and writing. In the examples below, compare the sentences containing the Present Subjunctive or the construction “should + infinitive” with similar sentences in the indicative mood.

It is necessary that he sell the house. Tell him that it is necessary to sell the house.

He must sell the house. It is necessary for him to sell the house. I want him to sell the house.

It is important that the report be sent without delay.

It is important to send the report without delay. Please send the report without delay.

It is advisable that she stay home today. She should stay home today.

It is advisable for her to stay home today. I advise her to stay home today.

I suggest that we wait here. I suggest that we should wait here. Let's wait here. I suggest waiting here.

She asked that he help her. She asked that he should help her. She asked him to help her.

I am surprised that she should say it. I am surprised that she says it. I am surprised that she said it.

I'm sorry that you should think so badly of him. I'm sorry that you think so badly of him.

Why should you think so? Why do you think so?

Should + Verb

“Should + Verb” is used in the same situations as the Present Subjunctive, in all styles of speech and writing, including formal and everyday styles, more often in British English than in American English.

It is necessary that he should go there as soon as possible.

It is important that the report should be sent without delay.

It is advisable that she should move to another apartment.

It is necessary that he should do it immediately.

It is important that everything should be ready by six o'clock.

It is advisable that she should stay in the hospital.

It is surprising that he should say such things.

“Should + Verb” is used for expressing regret, annoyance, surprise after "I am sorry that; I regret that; I am surprised that; it is surprising that; it is strange that; it is annoying that", and also in special questions after "why" to express strong surprise.

I suggested that we should wait for him.

She insists that you should see a doctor.

He demanded that I should tell him everything.

He suggested that we should meet at the library.

The doctor advises that they should stop eating fat food and fried food.

I am sorry that you should think so.

It is strange that he should ask about it.

I am surprised that she should want to sell her house.

Why should you think so?

Why should he be so angry?

If I should see him, I will tell him.

If I see him, I will tell him. (Americans are more likely to say).

I suggest that the meeting be postponed.

“Should + have + V3” is used to express a preceding action.

It is surprising that she should say it.

It is surprising that she should have said it.

It was surprising that she should say it.

It was surprising that she should have said it.

The Present Subjunctive and “Should + Verb” are also used in subordinate clauses of purpose after "lest", a rather bookish conjunction. The conjunction "so that" is much more common in subordinate clauses of purpose than "lest". Clauses of purpose with "so that" are generally used in the indicative mood, usually with the modal verbs "can, could, may, might".

She wrote down the address lest she should forget it.

She wrote down the address so that she might not forget it.

He stepped aside so that she could pass.

I will wait for you so that we may go there together.

The verb “may” be able to be used to express a wish:

May you live long and prosper?

Past Subjunctive in the if-clause

“would + Verb” in the main clause

(I don't know her telephone number.) If I knew her telephone number, I would call her.

(It's unlikely that I will see him tomorrow.) If I saw him tomorrow, I would ask him about it.

(She is not here.) If she were here, she would help us.

He wouldn't have to go there by bus if he had a car.

If I were you, I would go to Spain.

I would buy a new car if I were you.

What would you do if you had a million dollars? – I would quit my job and go travelling around the world.

What would you do if you lost all your money? – If I lost all my money, I would probably have to sell my house.

What would happen if someone pressed this button accidentally?

Where would you like to live if you had the choice?

How would you feel if someone said such a thing about you?

“could/might + verb” in the main clause

(She doesn't speak English.) If she spoke English, she could get a good job at a travel agency.

(It is unlikely that he will repair his car soon.) He might give us a ride to the train station if he repaired his car soon enough.

If she weren't busy now, she could go to the movies with us.

If it were a little warmer (now), we might go for a walk.

“would + past perfect” in the main clause

If I had seen him yesterday, I would have talked to him about it. (I didn't see him yesterday.)

He would have given us a ride to the train station if his car hadn't broken down. (His car broke down yesterday.)

If she had studied harder before her examinations, she would have passed them. (She failed her exams.)

If he had had more money, he would have bought new toys for his children. (He didn't have much money.)

If he hadn't been so busy, he would have spent more time with his children yesterday.

What would you have done if he had told you the truth on that day? – I would have done several things differently if he had told me the truth on that day.

What would she have done if she had known about his problems at that time? – If she had known about his problems at that time, she would have helped him.

Who(m) would he have asked for help if he had needed help at that time? – If he had needed help at that time, he would have asked his older brother.

What would have happened if you you had not found the missing papers? – I think my chief would have fired me.

If he had known her address, he would have visited her yesterday.

If I had known her telephone, I would have called her.

He would buy a new car if he had enough money.

“could/might + past perfect” in the main clause

(I was in Rome on business.) If I had had more free time, I could have gone sightseeing.

If it had been warmer yesterday, the children could have played in the yard.

(I knew the truth.) If I hadn't known the truth, I might have believed him.

If I were you, I wouldn’t keep driving on those tires.

If he were governor, we’d be in better fiscal shape.

Other cases of unreal condition:

Omission of “if”: Were I not so busy now, I would help him. Had I not been so busy at that time, I would have helped him.

Implied condition: Why didn't you tell me? I would have helped you.

Mixed conditionals: If I knew how to repair it, I would have done it a long time ago. If I had eaten dinner before leaving, I wouldn't be so hungry now.

Constructions But for; If not for; If it weren't for: If it weren't for the traffic noise, I would like this apartment. But for the rain, we would have gone for a walk. If not for her, we would have stayed at home.

Past Subjunctive and Past Perfect Subjunctive

Past Subjunctive and Past Perfect Subjunctive are used in conditional sentences with unreal condition and in constructions with the verb “wish”.

Past Subjunctive in the subordinate clause

I wish I were rich.

I wish I knew the answer.

I wish I spoke Spanish.

She wishes she had a car.

He wishes he didn't have to work tomorrow.

Do you wish you didn't have to study so hard?

What do you wish you were doing now instead of studying?

I wish she were here now. I wish I were in Italy now.

Could + Verb in the subordinate clause

I wish I could speak Spanish.

I wish he could come to the party.

She wishes she could buy a new car.

He wishes he could help her.

Do you ever wish you could swim like a fish?

Would + Verb in the subordinate clause

(He is leaving.) I wish he would stay with us.

(You are speaking very loudly.) I wish you wouldn't speak so loudly.

I wish it would stop raining.

Does he wish his ex-wife would come back to him?

Past Perfect Subjunctive in the subordinate clause

I wish I had known it before my trip.

I wish you had told me about your plans.

I wish he had bought a different TV set.

She wishes she had not married him.

He wished he had gone to college.

Does she wish she hadn't sold her cottage in the country?

What do you wish you had done differently two years ago?

Why do they wish they had never got married?

“Could + have +V3” in the subordinate clause

I wish I could have talked to her yesterday.

He wishes he could have helped her.

Other wishes and preferences expressing supposition and unreality

Construction If only: If only she were here now! If only I had known about it before!

Construction I'd rather: I'd rather you didn't smoke here. I'd rather she stayed home today.

But: I'd rather stay home today. I'd rather not go there.

Construction It's time: It's time we went home. / It's time to go home. It's high time you visited a dentist.

Comparison: Real and unreal

Reality (Indicative mood) – Supposition and unreality (Subjunctive mood)

Compare the sentences below: the verbs in the sentences before the dash are in the indicative mood; the verbs in the sentences after the dash are in the subjunctive mood.

In some constructions, for example, after "said" (told, answered, etc.) in reported speech or after "as if, as though", the forms of the verb in the indicative and in the subjunctive may be the same, but their meanings are different.

"wish":

He wants to be a banker.

He wishes he were a banker. (b) He wishes he had become a banker.

She wants to go home. – She wishes she could go home.

I want you to stay with me. – I wish you could stay with me.

He wanted her to stay with him, but she left. – He wished she had stayed with him. / He wished she hadn't left.

"as if, as though":

He speaks about her as if he knows her. (It seems to me that he knows her.) He speaks about her as if he knew her. (I doubt that he knows her.)

He spoke about her as if he knew her. (It seemed to me that he knew her.) He spoke about her as if he knew her. (I doubted that he knew her.)

It looks as if it is going to rain. (I think that it will rain.)

She often looks as if she were going to cry. (I don't think that she will cry.)

It looked as if it was going to rain. (I thought that it would rain.)

She often looked as if she were going to cry. (I didn't think that she would cry; she just looked that way.)

He sounds as though he has a cold. He sounds as though he had a cold.

She thought that he was crazy. She looked at him as if he were crazy.

Conditional sentences:

If he calls me tomorrow, I will ask him about it. – If he called me tomorrow, I would ask him about it.

If she leaves today, she will return on Friday. – (a) If she left today, she would return on Friday. (b) If she had left last week, she would have returned yesterday.

If he is at home now, we can ask him to help us. – (a) If he were at home now, we could ask him to help us. (b) If he had been at home yesterday, we could have asked him to help us.

What if he sees us now? What will we do? – (a) What if he saw us now? What would we do?

(b) What if he had seen us yesterday? What would we have done?

Suppose you are elected. What will you change first of all? – (a) Suppose you were elected. What would you change first of all? (b) Suppose that you had been elected two years ago. What would you have changed first of all?

She said, "If I find your book (tomorrow), I will bring it." – (a) She said, "If I found your book (tomorrow), I would bring it." (b) She said, "If I had found your book (yesterday), I would have brought it."

She said that if she found my book (tomorrow), she would bring it. – (a) She said that if she found my book (tomorrow), she would bring it. (b) She said that if she had found my book (yesterday), she would have brought it.

7. Preferences

7.1. Wish

“Wish” express hypothetical, unlikely, or unreal wishes. The Subjunctive Mood is used in the subordinate clauses after “the verb wish” to express wishes about the situations that exist at the present time (I wish you were here) and about the situations that existed in the past (I wish you had done it).

The verbs “could, would” are often used in subordinate clauses after “the verb wish”. The verbs “may, might, should” are generally not used after “the verb wish” in such constructions.

I wish I could fly.

I wish it would stop raining.

The conjunction "that" introducing object clauses after “the verb wish” is often omitted:

I wish (that) I knew the answer.

I wish (that) I had known about it before.

Do not use such constructions when you want, would like, or hope to do something, or want to ask someone to do something. Compare these examples:

She wishes she were an actress.

She wants to be an actress. She wants to become an actress.

She would like to become an actress. She hopes to become an actress.

As thoughI wish I could buy a new car.

I want to buy a new car. I would like to buy a new car. I hope to buy a new car.

I wish you wouldn't go there.

Please don't go there. I don't want you to go there.

I hope that you won't go there. Would you mind not going there?

But sometimes the verb “wish” is used as an ordinary main verb:

I wish you luck.

We wish you all the best.

You can stay, if you wish.

She wishes to go to the cinema.

Wish + Past Subjunctive:

The speaker expresses regret about the existing situation in the form of a wish that the situation were different. The verb in the subordinate clause after “wish” is used in the Past Subjunctive, which is the same in form as the Past simple for main verbs (e.g., asked, did), and the verb “be” has the form “were” for all persons. The examples below show the existing situations and the wishes for changing these situations.

“I don't know his address.” I wish I knew his address.

Meaning: I would like to know his address, but I don't know it, and I can't find it out now. It's a pity that I don't know his address.

“I have an old car.” I wish I had a new car.

Meaning: I would like to have a new car, but it's not possible now. It's a pity that I don't have a new car.

“She has to work on Saturday.” She wishes she didn't have to work on Saturday.

Meaning: She would like not to have to work on Saturday. She is sorry that she has to work on Saturday.

“He is not here.” I wish he were here.

Meaning: I would like him to be here, but he isn't here. It's a pity that he isn't here.

“His parents are poor.” He wishes his parents were rich.

Meaning: He would like his parents to be rich, but to his regret, they are not rich.

Were and was:

The verb “be” is sometimes used in the form “was” instead of “were” for the first and third person singular in constructions with “wish” in informal speech, especially in British English.

It is very cold now. I wish it were warmer now.

His apartment is small. He wishes his apartment were larger.

Do you wish you were rich and famous?

Wish + could + Verb:

Such constructions express regret about the existing situation and a wish for changing this situation.

I can't sing. I wish I could sing.

I can't speak Chinese. I wish I could speak Chinese.

I can't stay. I have to go. I wish I could stay, but I can't.

I can't help her. I wish I could help her.

She sneezes and coughs a lot. She wishes she could stop sneezing and coughing.

My friend bought a very nice coat. I wish I could buy a coat like that.

You can't come to my birthday party tomorrow. I wish you could come to my birthday party tomorrow.

Do you ever wish you could fly like a bird?

Wish + would + Verb:

The verb “would” with the simple infinitive is used after “wish” to express a wish that someone would do something to change the existing situation. The wish is usually a combination of a request to do something and a complaint about the existing situation or about someone's actions. Since the speaker addresses his wish to someone else, “would” is used with the pronouns "he, she, it, you, they", but not with "I, we".

You use my computer without my permission.

Wish: I wish you wouldn't use my computer without my permission.

You interrupt me all the time.

I wish you wouldn't interrupt me.

You won't come to my party.

My neighbors are fighting and shouting again. I wish they would stop fighting and shouting.

He smokes too much.

She wishes he would stop smoking.

She wants to go to France with her friends.

Her parents wish she would stay home and study for her entrance examinations.

It has been raining since morning. He wishes it would stop raining.

Wish + Past Perfect Subjunctive:

The situation existed in the past. The speaker regrets that something happened (or didn't happen) in the past. Though changing the past situation is impossible, the speaker expresses regret in the form of a wish that the situation in the past had been different. The verb in the subordinate clause after “wish” is used in the Past Perfect Subjunctive, which is the same in form as the Past Perfect (e.g., had asked, had done). The examples below show the past situations and wishes / regrets about them.

I forgot to call her yesterday. I wish I hadn't forgotten to call her yesterday.

I didn't help her. I wish I had helped her.

I didn't buy that book. I wish I had bought that book.

She bought an expensive rug. She wishes she hadn't bought such an expensive rug.

He didn't come to the party. I wish he had come to the party.

You didn't tell me the truth. I wish you had told me the truth.

She didn't know about his plans. She wishes she had known about his plans.

He didn't go to the concert with us. We wish he had gone to the concert with us.

They asked him to leave. They wish they hadn't asked him to leave.

It was very cold last night. I wish it hadn't been so cold last night.

Does she wish she had become a teacher?

Wish and Wished:

If the wish was made in the past, “the verb wish” is used in the past tense, i.e., “wished”. Past Subjunctive and Past Perfect Subjunctive are used after “wished” in the same way as after “wish”.

She wishes she knew his address. She wished she knew his address.

She wishes she could play chess. She wished she could play chess.

He wishes they had told him the truth. He wished they had told him the truth.

They wish they hadn't asked him to leave. They wished they hadn't asked him to leave.

Wish + could + have + V3:

The verb “wish + could + have + V3” is used to express regret about the past situations in which ability to do something was indicated.

She couldn't come to the party. I wish she could have come to the party.

I couldn't visit her yesterday. I wish I could have visited her yesterday.

I couldn't help her. I wish I could have helped her.

I couldn't buy that book. I wish I could have bought that book.

Wish + could + had + V3:

The verb “could” with the perfect infinitive has several meanings and is rather difficult to use. It is advisable for language learners to limit the use of the verb “could” with the perfect infinitive in constructions with “wish”. Use such constructions only in the most obvious cases. In a number of cases, you can use the Past Perfect Subjunctive instead:

I wish I could have helped him. I wish I had helped him.

Wish + would + have + V3:

The verb “would + have + V3” is not used after “wish” in standard speech and writing to express wishes about the past. You may sometimes hear this construction in informal speech (with the same meaning as in the construction Wish + + would + have + V3):

I wish she would have come to the party.

I wish you would have told me the truth.

It is advisable for language learners to avoid using such constructions. Use the Past Perfect Subjunctive in such situations:

I wish she had come to the party. I wish you had told me the truth.

Shortened constructions:

To avoid repetition, one part of such sentences is usually shortened. It is not always easy to choose the auxiliary verb for the shortened construction.

I wish he were here, but he isn't. He isn't here, but I wish he were.

I really wish I had a car, but I don't. I don't have a car, but I really wish I did.

I wish I didn't have to go, but I do. I have to go, but I wish I didn't.

I wish he would listen to me, but he won't. He won't listen to me, but I wish he would.

I wish I had studied for my exam, but I didn't. I didn't study for my exam, but now I wish I had.

I wish she hadn't invited him, but she did. She invited him. I wish she hadn't.

To make such sentences easier, you can usually omit the shortened part containing the auxiliary verb in the Indicative Mood.

I wish he were here, but he isn't. I wish he were here.

In other cases, you can divide such sentences into two full sentences.

I have to go, but I wish I didn't. – I have to go. I wish I didn't have to go.

Wish + infinitive:

We sometimes use “wish + infinitive” as a formal alternative to want or would like with reference to present and future wish situations:

I wish to make a complaint and would like to see the manager.

I do not wish to renew my subscription and would be grateful

I don't ever wish to see you again! She said and stormed out of the restaurant.

Wished + infinitive:

“Wished to + infinitive” is not so often used to describe past wishes.

We wanted to see the Crown Jewels but couldn't because the Tower of London had already closed.

I wanted to work from home last Friday but my boss wouldn't let me. [Wished to + infinitve is possible in these examples, but it sounds a bit stilted.]

Wishing for the impossible: wish that + past tenses:

To express wishes for unlikely or impossible situations and to express regrets, we use “wish that

” constructions with “would, could, was, were or past tenses.” Although we are using past tense forms, we are talking about present and future situations. Compare the following:

I don't speak any foreign languages, but I wish (that) I could speak Spanish.

I'm hopeless at foreign languages, but I wish I spoke Spanish and French.

I'm not hard-working at all - I'm really lazy - but I wish (that) I weren't.

It's only Tuesday today, but I wish it was Saturday.

Note that was and were are fully interchangeable with first, second and third person pronouns, singular and plural. Arguably, were sounds more formal than was. Note also that that is optional in all these that-clauses.

My wife has to work such long hours, but I wish she didn't (have to).

I have to prepare all the meals. I wish (that) I didn't.

And now the dishwasher doesn't work. I wish it did.

Note also that we use “wish that + could” when we are talking about people's ability to do things and “wish that + would” when we are talking about things that we would like people to do or not to do.

I can't eat anything with nuts in - I'm allergic to them - but I wish I could.

I know your parents won't let you come to the nightclub, but I wish you could.

I know you don't really want to come to the nightclub, but I wish you would.

He keeps sending me text messages, but I wish he wouldn't.

Past regrets: wish + past perfect:

To talk about wishes and regrets about past situations, we use wish with the past perfect:

I didn't ever receive the parcel from my granny, but I wish I had (received it).

The parcel never arrived. I wish (that) it hadn't got lost in the post.

7.2. Hope

Hope (that) + present / future

Note that for wishes about things that are positive and seem likely in the future, we normally use “hope + that-clause” with present simple or future will forms:

I hope you'll get top marks in your English test (NOT: I wish you'll get…)

I can see you're not well now, but I hope you recover in time for the match. (NOT: I wish you recovered… OR I wish you'd recovered… OR I wish you'll recover…)

I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow, I'm going for a picnic.

I hope to be a manager there in two years.(I hope that I will be a manager there in two years.)

“hope so, think so, afraid so, say +so” are used to refer back to an idea, action, quality, situation etc. that has just been mentioned.

I hope not: used to say that you hope something that has been mentioned does not happen or is not true.

Is she coming? I hope not.

I hope so: umarım

spoken used to say that you hope something that has been mentioned happens or is true.

Will your sister come for Christmas? I hope so.

Is she there? I am afraid so.

I am afraid not: used to say that you are afraid something that has been mentioned does not happen or is not true.

Will you come with me? I am afraid not.

Make: use the verb 'make' for constructing, building or creating.

All right, girls, make some coffee.

7.3. Would rather

Constructions with "I'd rather" (i.e., I would rather) express preference. Use the infinitive after "I'd rather" when you speak about what you would prefer to do. Use the verb in the Past Subjunctive after "I'd rather" when speaking about what you want someone else to do.

Would rather + V: …yı tercih etmek

Would sooner + V: …yı tercih etmek

I'd rather stay home tonight.

I'd rather read a book than watch a film.

I'd rather you stayed home today.

I'd rather you didn't smoke here.

Would rather sooner + V: … yapmaktansa … yapmayı tercih etmek

Tercih göstermek için would ile kendisinden sonra fiilin yalın hali gelir:

I would rather walk than take a taxi.

I'd rather/sooner drink coffee than (drink) tea.

I would rather stay at home than go out.

Would you rather stay here or go home? Burada kalmayı mı tercih edersin yoksa eve gitmeyi mi?

Would just as soon + V: … yapmaktansa … yapmayı tercih etmek

I would just as soon die as marry you. I would rather die than marry you

Would rather be Ving/N:

Bir durumu başka bir duruma tercih ettiğimiz zaman “than + (be) Ving” yapısı kullanılır. İkinci kısımda “be” tekrar edilmeyip sadece “Ving” de yazılabilir.

I'd rather be walking by the seaside than (be) studying here now.

I would rather be sleeping at home than (be) working in here now.

Olumsuz hali “would rather not”

I’d rather not go out tonight. Bu gece dışarı çıkmayı tercih etmiyorum. (I wouldn’t rather … denmez)

Bununla birlikte bu tip fikirler çoğunlukla I wish yapısı ile anlatılır.

I wish you hadn’t done that. Keşke öyle yapmasaydın.

Or rather: daha doğrusu

He’s a psychologist or rather, a psychoanalyst. O bir psikolog daha doğrusu psikanalist.

Would rather have done,

Would sooner have done:

Geçmişteki tercihlerden bahsedilecek ise “present/past perfect tense” kullanılır.

I’d rather you hadn’t done that.Öyle yapmamış olmanı tercih ederim.

I would rather have listened to him carefully. Now, I can’t answer the questions.

I'd rather have stayed home than (have) gone to the cinema last night. (But I went to the cinema.)

Dün akşam sinemaya gitmek yerine evde kalmayı tercih ederdim.

I want to attend a university abroad, but my parents would rather I studied in Turkey. Ben

üniversiteyi yurt dısında okumak istiyorum ama, ailem benim Türkiye'de okumamı tercih ediyor.

Did you enjoy the picnic? I was okey, but I would rather have gone to a movie. [reference-tercih]

I'd rather she had gone to Ankara by train, but she went by bus. Trenle gitmiş olmasını tercih ederdim, ama ........

Note: "would rather /sooner" ın öznesiyle, eylemi yapacak olan kişi farklıysa, "would rather + subject + past tense" kalıbı kullanılır. Cümlede Past Tense kullanılmasına rağmen, anlam present ya da future'dur.

Would rather yapısında geçmiş zaman kullanılır ama cümlenin anlamı geniş ya da şimdiki zamandır.

My wife would rather we didn’t see each other anymore. Eşim, birbirimizi artık görmememizi tercih ediyor.

Shall I open a window? ~ I’d rather you didn’t. Pencere açayım mı? ~ Açmamanı tercih ederim. /Açmasan daha iyi.

Had sooner:

She had sooner be teacher then a nurse.

Instead: Bunun yerine

Mary did not answer. Instead, she looked out of the window.

Instead of: … nın yerine

Give me the red book instead of the blue one.

I will do it instead of you

7.4. Rather than

Bir durum başka bir duruma tercih edilirken ikinci tarafta “rather than” kullanılır. Benzer biçimde memnuniyetsizliğimiz anlatılacaksa “(to be) working” yapısı kullanılır.

They would prefer to go to the zoo rather than visit the art gallery.

I would prefer to be sleeping at home rather than (be) working in here now.

I would prefer not speek at work.

“Would prefer” başka biri için tercih yapılırken ardına “ object (nesne)” gelir, devamında ise present: “to + V” ya da past: “to + have + V3” yapısı gelir.

I would prefer her not to smoke, but she smokes heavily. Onun sigara içmemesini tercih ederim fakat aşırı içiyor.

I would prefer them to have accepted the offer, but they refused to work. Teklifi Kabul etmelerini beklerdim, fakat çalışmayı ret ettiler.

Rather than + N/Ving/V : …ziyade, …mektense

“Rather than” ifadesi paralel yapılarla kullanılır. Yani, iki sıfat, iki zarf, iki isim, iki mastar ya da iki –ing yapısıyla kullanılır.

I prefer starting early rather than leaving things to the last minute. İşleri son ana bırakmaktansa erken başlamayı tercih ederim.

Rather than use/using the last of my cash, I decided to write a cheque. Son paramı kullanmak yerine çek yazmaya karar verdim.

We ought to invest in machinery rather than buildings. İnşaat yerine makineye yatırım yapmamız lazım.

In art history, primitivism is a notion crucial to 20th-century art and modern thinking ---- a specific movement or group of artists. [rather than]

Patriarchy originally meant superiority of the father and used to be employed by sociologists to describe family structures where the father rather than the mother was dominant.

Ataerkillik, başlangıçta babanın üstünlüğü anlamına gelmekteydi ve toplum bilimciler tarafından anneden ziyade babanın baskın olduğu aile yapılarını tanımlamak için kullanılırdı.

Contrary to perceptions outside Canada, the majority of Canadians are descended from the English, the Scots, and the Irish rather than from the French.

Ana cümlede to-mastar yapısı varsa rather than’den sonra genellikle to’suz mastar ya da V_ing gelir.

I decided to write rather than phone/phoning. Telefon etmek yerine yazmaya karar verdim.

Rather than use/using the last of my cash, I decided to write a cheque. Son paramı kullanmak yerine çek yazmaya karar verdim.

“Mostly” anlamında kullanılır: The society should be accused rather than him.

Rather ... then: …dan ziyade …. Oldu

I would rather go swimming than go to the library.

Prefer:

İki isim arasında tercih ederken kullanılır. Iki isim arasına “to” eki alr.

I prefer tea to coffee. Çayı kahveye tercih ederim.

Prefer + to + V1: … yapmaktansa … yapmayı tercih ederim.

Prefer + Ving : … yapmaktansa … yapmayı tercih ederim.

He prefers to drink a cup of tea rather than to eat a sandwich.