Noun
Bir isim, sıfat tarafından nitelendirildiği zaman sıfat
tamlaması olur. Hava, isimdir. Güzel hava, sıfat tamlamasıdır.
A car(bir araba), an
expensive car (pahalı bir araba) A girl (bir kız), a beautiful girl (güzel bir kız)
İngilizce’de yukarıda verilen sıfat tamlamaları düzenli
sıfat tamlamalarıdır. Eğer sıfat tamlamalarında sıfat ile tanıtıcı ek yer
değiştirirse bozuk sıfat tamlamaları elde edilir.
An expensive car, expensive an
car A beautiful girl, beautiful a girl
Not: Düzenli sıfat tamlamalarında “such .. that”, bozuk
sıfat tamlamalarında “so…that” bağlacı kullanılır.
He
is such an intelligent student that he can study abroad. (Abroad: yurt dışında)
He is so intelligent a student that he can study abroad.
Belirtisiz isim tamlaması: Kapı kolu,
diş fırçası, mercimek çorbası, kutup ayısı
Belirtili isim tamlaması: Kapımın kolu, Evimin direği,
kedinin ayağı, öğretmenin gözlüğü Zincirleme isim tamlaması: Orman kralının
yavrusu, kutup ayısının kürkü
İp uçları:
· İki isim “of” ya
da “with” ile bağlanır.
· “Noun + … + Noun”, şeklinde bir yapı varsa,
şıklarda “as well as” veya “rather than” aranır.
The food industry is vulnerable to the charge
that it contributes to mortality----- actively
seeking
to increase consumption of unhealthy foods-------- which
profits depend.
Everything we can see or talk about is represented by a word
which names it. Nouns can be a subject or an object of a verb, can be
modified by an adjective and can take an article or determiner. Word order and
prepositions show which noun is the
subject of the sentence, and which is an object.
-
The boy likes
the cat. The cat likes the boy.
- The old man gave the cat to the boy.
Nouns are
divided into proper nouns: (John Brown, Europe, and October) and common nouns
(a boy, a book, an idea, milk, equipment, kindness). Countable nouns (Apple),
Uncountable nouns (mass nouns) – things
you cannot count (food, music)
-
Time is
uncountable noun. There wasn’t much time.
- Tea is uncountable noun. Was there much tea
in the tea-put?
A pronoun is a word used to replace a noun. (You,
they, it, …)
A noun
phrase functions within a clause or sentence in a role such as that of subject,
object, or complement of a verb or preposition.
Collective
nouns – words to
describe groups (team, choir). Collective nouns are usually used with singular
verbs:
-
The family is
on holiday.
- General Motors is mounting a big sales campaign.
Abstract
nouns – things you cannot
see or touch (bravery, joy). Concrete nouns –
things you can see or touch (tree, cloud)
Compound
nouns – nouns made
up of more than one word (court-martial, pickpocket, water bottle)
Gender-specific
nouns – words which
are definitely male or female (vixen, actress) Verbal nouns – nouns derived from verbs (a building, an attack)
Gerunds
(Ving) – nouns that
represent actions (running fast, guessing a number, the swimming is…)
Infinitives (to + V) can be used as nouns (To learn is …),
adjectives (to build the canal), or adverbs (to prepare for the storm).
Noun as adjective:
- A race horse is a
horse that runs in races
V3
+ Noun: The broken window … The wheezing gentleman …
Many
common nouns, like "engineer" or "teacher", can refer to
men or women. Once, many English nouns would change form depending on their gender.
A man was called an "author"
while a woman was called an "authoress".
Author – authoress,
actor – actress,
waiter –
waitress.
-
David Garrick
was a very prominent eighteenth-century actor.
- Sarah Siddons was at the height of her career
as an actress in the 1780s.
-
The manager was trying to write a want ad, but he couldn't decide whether
he was advertising for a "waiter"
or a "waitress"
English nouns don't have suffixes or endings to show gender. (Only the
personal pronouns "he, she, it" and their forms show gender.) There
are a few nouns with the feminine suffix "ess": hostess, stewardess,
actress, waitress, princess, baroness, goddess, lioness. But on the whole,
gender in English is connected only to the meaning of nouns.
He: Tom,
man, boy, father, son, brother, husband, uncle, nephew, king, lord, mister have
masculine gender.
She: Anna,
woman, girl, mother, daughter, sister, wife, aunt, niece, queen, lady, madam
have feminine gender .
A teacher,
doctor, author, captain, secretary, student, friend, thief, cook can be
"he" or "she".
An animal
is generally "it", but if necessary, you can indicate gender by using
"he" or "she": My cat is very clever. She understands everything.
"It"
is used when referring to an inanimate object or an abstract noun: table, book,
window, money, laughter, truth, health.
The
most reliable way to identify a noun is by its function in the sentence
(subject, object) and by the word order and immediate surrounding. For example,
the phrases "a book, a new book, his books; this book is interesting; the
books are on the table; he likes these books" show that the words
"book, books" are nouns.
Possession and belonging (the possessive case)
by adding the apostrophe and " ’s": Tom's book, the
doctor's house; my friend's car (arkadaşımın
arabası), my friends' car (arkadaşlarımın arabası); the dog's name (köpeğin
ismi), the dogs' names (köpeklerin isimleri); the ladies' room; the men's
room; children's books; the man's bag;
the boy's book; the coach's house; His son's birthday.
-
Missouri are
meeting tonight to discuss the future of their city's mayor.
- Eli’s sister’s husband’s cousin lives in Alaska.
-
Present
Trump’s speaking style
The apostrophe is primarily used in two cases: to show possession (John's
house, Mary's friend, boys' room, children's books) and to show omitted letters
or figures, for example, it's (it is), I'll (I will), don't (do not), isn't (is
not), shouldn't (should not), 'cause (because), rock 'n' roll (rock and roll),
'90 (1990), the '80s (the years 1980–1989).
If a noun is in the singular, the apostrophe
and “s” are normally added in all cases, irrespective of the letter
in which the word ends.
-
the doctor's
house; the dog's collar;
- a lady's dress; the hero's name;
-
the boss's
order; the nurse's words;
- Tom's car; Mike's books, Jeff's sister;
- Annie's letters, Tony's cat; Chris's answer,
Liz's coat, Max's room;
- Tom Brown's house; Mr. Crosby's arrival.
Note that the letter “s”
after the apostrophe in names like Charles's, Rose's, Liz's, Douglas's, Chris's,
Lewis's, Tess's, Max's, Josh's, George's, Mitch's is pronounced according to
the rules of the pronunciation of
the ending “s/es”.
The genitive marker should not be confused with
the "s" form of contracted verbs, as in “John's a good
student = John is a good student.”
If a noun is in the plural or has
the ending “s/es”, only the apostrophe is added to it to show the possessive
case, then the genitive marker appears only as an apostrophe after the plural
form:
the boys' pens; the doctors' house; the
dogs' collars; the ladies' room; the heroes' names; the Browns' residence; the
Ivanovs' car;
the
Crosbys' arrival the Rileys' garden
one’s own and others’
feelings
Common nouns are divided into countable nouns (boy, book, idea) and
uncountable nouns (milk, equipment, kindness). Countable nouns are divided into
concrete nouns (boy, book) and abstract nouns (idea). Uncountable nouns are
divided into concrete nouns (milk, equipment) and abstract nouns (kindness).
Countable nouns have the category of number: one chair – two chairs; a
house – three
houses; a boy – boys.
Countable
nouns generally form the plural by adding the ending s/es: a ball – balls; a table – tables; a
play – plays; a city – cities;
a cow –
cows; a bridge –
bridges; a
class – classes; a tax – taxes; a knife –
knives.
A limited number of nouns have irregular plural
forms:
a man – men; a woman –
women; a child –
children; a
tooth – teeth;
a sheep – sheep; a crisis –
crises; a
formula – formulae; a stimulus – stimuli.
Uncountable
nouns can't be counted: air, water, sugar, gold, chemistry, education, help,
love, progress, energy, economics. They don't have the category of number and
don't take the ending s/es.
Type, kind,
and sort: are countable nouns, and they must be plural after determiners with
plural meanings.
This type/kind/sort of + singular noun.
- The two main kinds of magnets are
permanent magnets and electromagnets.
“Singular
noun”, tek bir kişiyi, yeri ya da eşyayı anlatan isimlere denir.
In
the case of irregular plural nouns which form the plural without the ending
s/es, the apostrophe and “s” are added to
show the possessive case: the men's
room; men's tailor;children's books; children's hospital; women's doctor;
women's clothes.
The
general rule is to add "s" to the noun in singular: book – books, house – houses, chair – chairs.
When the singular noun ends in: “_sh, -ch, -s,
-ss, -x, -o”, we form their plural form
by adding "_es": sandwich
– sandwiches, brush – brushes, bus – buses, box – boxes, potato – potatoes.
When the singular noun ends in "y", we change the "y"
for "i" and then add "-es" to form the plural form. But do
not change the "y" for "ies" to form the plural when the
singular noun ends in "y" preceded by a vowel: Nappy – nappies, day – days, toy – toys.
Plurals of words that end in “-f” or “-fe” usually change the
“f” sound to a “v” sound and add “s” or “-es”:
Knife – knives, leaf – leaves, hoof
– hooves, life – lives, self – selves, elf – elves.
The girl in jeans, ifadesinde jean
değil, jeans olarak kullanılır, çünkü kızın iki ayağı vardır, jeans iki parçalı
olduğundan çoğul eki alır.
Use a singular verb with sums of money or periods of
time. Ten years is a long time to
wait.
A
pair of trousers: the subject is "a pair" which is singular. A pair of trousers is hanging in the room.
The expression “the number” is followed by a singular verb
while the expression a number is followed by a plural verb. The number of casualties is unknown.
Bacon and eggs is a dish. -> Singular verb. Bacon and eggs is his favorite breakfast.
"Early to bed and early to
rise" is an action -> Singular verb
Early to bed and
early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.
The apostrophe and “s” are added to the
last word of a compound noun to show the possessive case.
-
mother-in-law
– my mother-in-law's house;
-
passer-by –
passer-by's bag; passers-by – passers-by's bags;
- attorney general – attorney general's office;
- the mayor of New York – the mayor of New
York's speech.
In cases
where the structure becomes too difficult to understand, it is better to use
the of-phrase instead of the apostrophe and
“s”: the friends of my sons-in-law (not
my sons-in-law's friends).
The apostrophe and “s” are also used to
show the plural forms of single letters, symbols, abbreviations, and
(some) very short words.
-
There are two
f's in the word “office”.
- cross the t's and dot the i's; (idiom)
-
two &'s
and three $'s;
- YMCA – four
YMCA's;
-
count yes's
and no's.
There is some disagreement on whether
such use of the apostrophe and “S” to show the plural is correct, and
sometimes such use may lead to misunderstanding, so it's better to avoid using
them in this function by paraphrasing the sentence, especially in formal speech
and writing.
-
There is
double f in the word office.
-
two symbols
& and three symbols $;
- YMCA – four YMCA centers; count the yes
answers and the no answers.
Irregular plural forms:
Some nouns form their plural not by adding the ending s/es, but by
changing the letters in the root of the word. Many Irregular nouns do not form
the plural in this way: woman – women,
child – children, sheep – sheep; man –
men; ox – oxen;
mouse – mice; louse – lice; foot – feet; tooth – teeth; goose – geese.
Note:
The noun "brother" (a member of a family) has a regular plural form:
brother – brothers.
If the noun "brother" is used in the meaning "a fellow
member", it may have the archaic irregular plural form
"brethren" (fellow members).
The same
singular and plural form:
Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.
one sheep – two sheep; a deer –
two deer; a
bison – five bison; a moose – three moose; a swine
– several swine; a fish – two fish; a salmon – several
salmon; a dozen – two dozen;
an aircraft – two
aircraft; a means – means; a
series – two series;
a species – different
species; a corps – corps; a
headquarters – headquarters;
a crossroads – crossroads;
an alms – alms; a
gallows – gallows; a
barracks – barracks.
If such nouns are used in
the singular, they agree with a singular verb.
-
A deer is a
graceful animal. The UN headquarters is in New
York.
If such nouns are used in the plural, they require a
plural verb.
- Three sheep were missing.
- Modern aircraft are powerful machines.
- Tropical fish are small and brightly colored.
