Pronoun

Pronoun

İp uçları:

Soruda tekil bir özne varsa seçeneklerde “He /She /It” ile başlayan cümle aranır. Çoğul bir özne varsa “They” ile başlayana özneye bakılır.

 

      New Zealand consists of two main islands and a number of smaller, outlying islands, which are so scattered that … range from the tropical to the Antarctic. (They)

 

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Pronouns are used to avoid repeating information that is already clear. In general it makes the sentence less confusing because the same information is not being repeated.

1.     Personal pronouns

Personal Pronouns can be in one of three cases: Subject, object, or possessive.

        Subject pronouns play role as subject: I, you, he, she, it, you, we, they

 

        Object pronouns play roles as the direct or indirect object of a verb, or the object of a preposition: Me, you, him, her, it, you, us, them

 

        Possessive adjective pronouns are used in English to avoid repeating information that is already clear: Mine, yours, his, hers, its, yours, ours, theirs

 

        Adjective pronouns modify a noun by attributing possession (or other sense of belonging) to someone or something: My book, his girl friend, her boy friend, its, our group, their school

 

Traditional use of "he"

In traditional use, the masculine pronoun "he" replaced a singular noun or an indefinite pronoun that referred to both sexes or to a person of either sex.

 

For example:

 

      A student learns best if he studies regularly.

 

      Someone entered the room at night, but he didn't find the letter.

 

At the present time, it is advisable to avoid such use of "he".

 

1.1.         Subject pronouns

Subject Pronoun (Özne durumundaki kişi zamirleri):

 

I, you, he, she, it, you, we, they  : [Ben, siz, o(erkek), o(dişi), o(cansız, hayvan), siz, biz, onlar]

 

      She is the best chess player in the school. O okuldaki en iyi satranç oyuncusudur.

 

      There is no need to be frightened; he is a very friendly dog.

 

      They are very pleasant people. Onlar çok iyi insanlardır.

 

      You are coming tonight, aren’t you? Bu akşam geliyorsun değil mi?

 

Daha önce söz edilen bir şey ya da kişiden bir kez daha söz edilmek istendiğinde zamir kullanılır:

      I took the book and opened it. Kitabı aldım ve açtım.

 

      I rang Tom and invited him to lunch. Tom’a telefon ettim ve onu öğle yemeğine davet ettim.

 

      Have you been to Paris? Yes, it was very nice.

 

      I’ve lost my keys. I can’t find them anywhere.

 

      Where is my pen? It was on the desk a minute ago.

 

      I sent Peter an e-mail last month, but I haven’t had a reply from him yet.

 

      When you go and see Sophia, could you give this package to her?

 

İçinde bulunulan durumda kim ya da ne olduğu belli olan varlıklar için, ikinci kez söz edilmesine bakılmaksızın doğrudan zamir kullanılabilir:

 

      Send us a card so we’ll know where you are. Bize kart at, biz de senin nerede olduğunu bilelim.

 

You and They

The pronoun "you" can be singular or plural in meaning but agrees only with the verb in the plural.

      Anna, you are late today.

 

      Boys, you are late today.

 

“You” ve “they” zamirleri, insanlarla ilgili genellemelerde kullanılır:

 

      They say he is poor. Yoksul olduğu söyleniyor.

 

      You can’t get a driving licence till you’re 18 in this country. Bu ülkede 18 yaşına gelinceye kadar ehliyet alınamaz.

 

      You meet a lot of people through work. İş sayesinde birçok insanla tanışılır.

 

We use “you” to talk about people in general including the speaker and the hearer:

 

      You can buy this book anywhere > This book is on sale everywhere.

 

      You can’t park here > Parking is not allowed here.

 

      They don’t let you smoke in here > No smoking here

 

We use “they” or “them” to talk about people in general:

 

      They serve good food here.

 

      Ask them for a cheaper ticket.

 

     especially about the government and the authorities:

 

- They don’t let you smoke in here.

 

- They are going to increase taxes. - They are building a new motorway.

 

- They say it’s going to rain tomorrow.

 

One and Ones

We use “one” (singular) and “ones” (plural) to avoid unnecessary repetition.

      Which is your car, the red one or the blue one?

 

      My trousers are torn. I need some new ones.

 

We often use them after “Which one/ones” in questions:

 

      You can borrow a book. Which one do you want?

 

      There are lots of books here. Which ones are yours?

 

 

It

“It” is used to talk about:

 

Times and dates: It’s nearly one o’clock.It’s my birthday.

 

Weather: It’s raining. It’s a lovely day. It was getting cold.

 

To give an opinion about a place:

 

      It will be nice when we get home.

 

      It’s very comfortable in my new apartment.

 

To give an opinion followed by to-infinitive:

 

      It’s nice to meet you.

 

      It will be great to go on holiday.

 

      It was interesting to meet your brother at last.

 

To give an opinion followed by an -ing verb:

 

      It’s great living in Spain.

 

      It’s awful driving in this heavy traffic.

 

      It can be hard work looking after young children.

 

Ourselves:

 

On the telephone: Hello. It’s George.

 

When people cannot see us: [Mary knocks on door] It’s me. It’s Mary.

 

Other people:

 

When we point them out for the first time:

 

      Look. It’s Sir Paul McCartney.

 

      Who’s that? I think it is John’s brother.

 

When we cannot see them and we ask them for their name:

 

      [Telephone rings, we pick it up] Hello. Who is it?

 

      [Someone knocks on door.] We say: Who is it?

 

Strustures:

 

“It” Özne durumunda: It + be + adj + to + V

 

      It is good to have a second chance.

 

It + be + adj + Noun Clause

 

      It is clear that he is innocent.

 

      It is not certain where they are now.

 

It + pasif + Noun Clause

 

      It is known that they have some financial problems.

 

It + be + noun + Adjective Clause

 

      It was his brother who designed our new office.

 

      It was Stuart who answered the question easily because he had studied hard enough.

 

      It was first time that had quarreled in five years of marriage.

 

It + be + Adverbial Clause + That Clause

 

      It was when we were in Holland that I met your brother.

 

It + be + Preposition + Noun + That Clause

 

      It was thanks to her help that we were able to finish the task in time. Işi zamanında bitirebilmemiz onun sayesinde oldu.

 

It + take + Possessive Adjectives + (Time, Money, Energy, …etc.) + to V

 

      It took us five years to solve these problems. Bu problemleri çözmek beş yılımızı aldı.

 

“It” nesne durumunda:

 

… it + adj + to + V

 

      The new program made it possible to produce more. Yeni program daha fazla üretim yapmayı mümkün hale getirdi.

 

… it + adj + That Clause:

 

      The  minister  made  it  clear  that  their  country  was  in  need  of  international  aid.  Bakan,

 

ülkelerinin uluslar arası yardıma ihtiyacı olduğunu belirtti.

 

“It” zamiri, zaman, tarih ve hava ile ilgili genel ifadelerde kullanılır:

 

      What time is it?

 

      It’s five o’clock.

 

      It is July 5th.

 

      It is sunny and hot today.

 

Note: Zamirlerden “you”, hem tekil (sen) hem de çoğul (siz, sizler) olarak kullanılır.

 

It's + time period+ that + clause

 

      It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor.

 

After "It's time", either an infinitive or a verb in the Past Subjunctive may be used.

 

      It's time to go to work. It's time to say good-bye. It is time for us to leave.

 

      It's time the children were in bed. It's time we went home.

 

Constructions "It's high time someone did something" and "It's about time someone did something" express the same meaning emphatically. Such constructions often express criticism or complaint.

      It is high time you stopped smoking.

 

      It's about time he became more responsible.

 

It remains to be seen whether …: Olup olmayacağı zamanla görülecek.

 

      It remains to be seen whether the operation was successful.

 

      It remains to be seen whether she'll be fit enough to play in the finals.

 

      It remains to be seen whether or not this idea can be put into practice. Bu fikirin uygulamaya konulabilir olup olmadığını görülecek.

 

      It remains to be seen whether history will repeat itself.

 

It is yet to be seen + whether/what/how + clause: Zamanla görülecek, henüz görülmedi.

 

      It is yet to be seen whether this plan will succeed or not.

 

      It is yet to be seen what the equivalent will be.

 

      It is yet to be seen how those parts will fit together.

 

It is because of:

 

To introduce an explanation of cause and effect use “it is because”:

 

It is because of + cause (noun or noun phrase) + ‘that’+ effect (clause).

 

      It is because of your smile that I feel happy.

 

It is because + cause (clause with a subject and a verb) + ‘that’ + effect (clause).

 

      It is because you smiled that I feel happy.

 

It is long been known + that + Clause: Uzun zamandır .... olduğu bilinir.

 

      It’s long been known that bats use ultrasonic beams to follow insects through the dark.

 

      It's long been known that human fat cells are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

 

      It's long been known that giving a gift of ultimate taste is about the best way to reward anyone.

 

      It is long been known that water is important to biological materials.

 

      It's long been known that one form of pure carbon (graphite) can be turned into another (diamond) by heat and pressure.

 

      It's long been known that eating too much salt will raise your blood pressure, but a comprehensive global study now says that too little salt in your diet also can harm your heart health.

 

      It’s long been known that children can suffer when their parents divorce.

 

      It's long been known that running increases bone mass, and even helps stem age-related bone loss.

 

      It's long been known that married people are happier than those who stay single.

      It’s long been known that patients who stimulate their brains through formal training or structured cognitive activities tend to be better off cognitively during the aging process than those who don’t have mental stimulation.

 

 1.2.          Object pronouns

Object Pronouns (Nesne durumundaki zamirler): me, you, us, them, him, her, and it.

 

“Him” is used as the object of a verb or preposition to refer to a male person or animal previously mentioned or easily identified.

 

Object pronouns after verbs:  See me, find them, and call him

 

      I will give them this book.

 

      I must find her before tomorrow.

 

      Please, will you pass me that book? Şu kitabı bana uzatır mısın lütfen?

 

      I’ll help you if you like. İstersen sana yardım ederim.

 

      If someone is causing us problems, we should get rid of him. Birisi bize sorun çıkarıyorsa onu başımızdan atmalıyız.

 

      If your flatmate is around, why don’t you bring her to the party? Ev arkadaşın buralardaysa neden onu partiye getirmiyorsun?

 

      The nurse washed her with cold water. Hemşire onu soğuk suyla yıkadı.

 

      The ball hit me in the face. Top yüzüme çarptı.

 

Object pronouns after prepositions: (Nasıl, Niçin, Nerede sorularının yanıtıdır.)

 

With me, to me, for me, near me

 

      They come with me.

 

      He bought a ticket for me.

 

Infinitives: to see me, to call him, to find them.

 

      They wanted to see her.

 

Present articles: seeing me, calling him, finding them,

 

      Seeing me, they all run away.

 

Note: In “I showed them the way”, the verb has two objects.

 

 

Possessive adjectives

Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, your, our, their

 

Adjective pronoun modifies a noun by attributing possession (or other sense of belonging) to someone or something.

      Where is my book?

 

Of course when we want to talk about possession without using adjectives and pronouns, we need to use a possessive 's – with an apostrophe

 

Berke’s car, Niko’s book, my girlfriend's brother, John's house

 

We use the possessive “ s’ “ for more than one person.

 

To make the possive form of “children, people and men”, we add  “ ‘s ”.

 

Sonu “_s” ile biten isimlerin sonuna iyelik getirmek için sadece “ ‘ “ getirilir: The Browns' house, The boys' pens.

      The Pepins’ house is the big blue one on the corner.

 

      The witches’ brooms were hidden in the corner. (Cadıların süpürgeleri)

 

      The babies’ beds were all in a row.

 

 

1.4. Possessive pronouns

One form is used as an attribute before a noun (her book), and the other form (absolute form, independent form) is used without a noun (this book is hers).

      This is my place. This place is mine.

 

      Is this your book? Is this book yours?

 

      This is their house. This house is theirs.

 

      My pen doesn't write. Can I borrow yours?

 

      This is not my pen. Mine is green.

 

      Is that ruler your or mine? It’s mine, not yours.

 

Possessive Adjective + Noun	Possessive  Pronouns
My+ noun	Mine
Your + noun	Yours
His + noun	His
Her + noun	Hers
Its + noun	Its
Our + noun	Ours
Your + noun	Yours
Their + noun	Theirs

Possessive adjective pronouns are used to avoid repeating information that is already clear. In general it makes the sentence less confusing because the same information is not being repeated.

 

Mine=my + noun,  my car=mine

 

The responsibility is mine=my responsibility

 

Bu zamirler ad yerine kullanıldıklarından başka bir ad ile birlikte kullanılmamalarına dikkat edilmelidir.

      Tom is not my teacher but he is a friend on mine. His wife is also my friend.

 

      These books are not theirs. Theirs are on the desk.

 

      Our house is big but theirs is small.

 

      This is John. He is a friend of mine.

 

      This book is mine, not yours.

 

      Ours is the best football team in our school.

2. Demonstrative pronouns

“This, that” (singular) and “these/those” (plural) as pronouns.

 

Demonstrative pronouns " This, that, these, those" are used in the singular, and "these, those" in the plural.

      I like this city. I didn't like that book. This is a famous book.

 

      Those people who would like to go on the trip should put their names on the list. Geziye katılmak isteyenlerin adlarını listeye yazmaları gerekmektedir.

 

      I brought you these. Bunları sana getirdim.

 

      This book is a present from my boss. Bu kitap, patronumdan bir armağan.

 

“This, these, that and those” are also used with nouns to show proximity.

 

Genellikle elimizin erişebileceği şeyleri gösterirken “this ve these” (To talk about people or things near us), erişemeyeceği şeyleri gösterirken “that ve those” kullanılır. This and these re used for people or things near us:

      We have lived in this house for twenty years.

 

      Have you read all of these books?

 

      These are our things. These are ours. Those aren’t theirs

 

      This is a nice cup of tea.

 

      Whose shoes are these?

 

That and those are used for people or things that are not near us:

 

      That is your pen. That is yours

 

      Who lives in that house? Who are those people?

 

      This is our house, and that’s Rebecca’s house over there.

 

      Those are very expensive shoes.

 

To introduce people:

 

      This is Janet. These are my friends, John and Michael.

 

Warning: We don’t say “These are John and Michael.” We say “This is John and this is Michael.”

 

To introduce ourselves to begin a conversation on the phone:

 

      Hello, this is David, Can I speak to Sally?

 

“This”, bir fikri ya da bir durumu anlatmak için de kullanılabilir:

 

      She hadn’t done her homework. This made the teacher angry. Ev ödevini yapmamış. Bu öğretmeni kızdırdı.

 

That, karşılaştırma cümlelerinde sık sık gösterme zamiri olarak kullanılır:

 

      Their house was much more comfortable than that of ours. Onların evi bizimkinden çok daha konforluydu.

 

Tekrarlamamak için referans kullanılan zamirlerdir:

 

It is also used use to refer back to something someone said or did:

 

      The price of tea is about the same as that of coffee.

 

      Shall we go to the cinema?  Yes, that’s a good idea.

 

      I’ve got a new job.  That’s great.

 

      I’m very tired.  Why is that?

 

Those of: _nin ki, _ya olanlar

 

In formal contexts, especially in academic style, we use “that of/those of” instead of “the one of/the ones of” or “the … one/the … ones.” This is preferred to the possessive X’s one/X’s ones:

      While Japan’s development was rapid, that of Singapore was even faster.

 

      The title of his first book was “Blue Waves”, that of the second was “Deep Oceans”.

 

 3.       Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns "who, whom, whose, what, which, that" connect certain types of subordinate clauses, which are called relative clauses in English, with the main clause.

      The man who is standing by the window is her brother.

 

      I know the people who live in this house.

 

      She returned the books that I gave her last week.

 

      The film that we saw was very dull.

 

      The book which you gave me is very good.

 

      She didn't answer, which surprised me.

 

      He did what he promised.

 

      I don't know what she wants.

 

Which, who, whom, whose, what, that

 

      I know the book which you want.

 

      He told me whose this pen is

 

      The woman who came yesterday is my sister.

 

      Tell me the thing what you want.

 

      I know the girl whom you are talking about.

 

      The house that they bought is quite comfortable.

 

After a noun, to make it clear which person or thing we are talking about:

 

      The house that Jack built

 

      The woman who discovered radium

 

      An eight-year-old boy who attempted to rob a sweet shop

 

To tell us more about a person or thing:

 

      My mother, who was born overseas, has always been a great traveler.

 

      Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.

 

      We had fish and chips, which is my favorite meal.

 

Note: But we do not use that as a subject in this kind of relative clause.

We use “whose” as the possessive form of “who”:

 

      This is George, whose brother went to school with me.

 

We sometimes use whom as the object of a verb or preposition:

 

      This is George, whom you met at our house last year.

 

      This is George’s brother, with whom I went to school.

 

But nowadays we normally use “who”:

 

      This is George, who you met at our house last year.

 

      This is George’s brother, who I went to school with.

 

“When “whom” or “which” have a preposition the preposition can come at the beginning of the clause...

      I had an uncle in Germany, from who[m] I inherited a bit of money.

 

      We bought a chainsaw, with which we cut up all the wood.

 

       or at the end of the clause:

 

      I had an uncle in Germany who[m] I inherited a bit of money from.

 

      We bought a chainsaw, which we cut all the wood up with.

 

We can use that at the beginning of the clause:

 

      I had an uncle in Germany that I inherited a bit of money from.

 

      We bought a chainsaw that we cut all the wood up with.

4.      Reflexive pronouns

Tekil olanlar: Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Itself

 

Çoğul olanlar: Ourselves, Yourselves, Themselves

 

Fiili etkilerler: I didn’t do it myself.

 

Reflexive statement (Öznenin yaptığı işten öznenin kendisinin etkilendiği durum)

 

“Reflexive Pronouns” yapısını kullanmak için o cümleninin nesnesi ile öznesi aynı kişi ya da durum olmalıdır.

      The man shot himself.

 

      You hurt yourself.

 

      I burned myself badly.

 

      The cat washed itself.

 

      We all enjoyed ourselves at the party.

 

      My mother bought herself a dress. Annem kendine bir giysi aldı.

 

      She was talking to herself. Kendi kendine konuşuyordu.

 

      He should give himself more time. Kendine daha çok zaman ayırmalı.

 

      Brian’s started sending letters to himself because nobody else writes to him. Hiç kimse kendisine yazmadığı için Brian kendisine mektup göndermeye başladı.

 

Emphatic statement (Bir işi öznenin tek başına yaptığı durum)

 

      I myself will do it.

 

      You yourselves will cooked the meals.

 

      We ourselves painted the house. Evi kendimiz boyadık.

 

      Did you make yourself these? Bunları sen mi yaptın?

 

      I’ll take it down to the police station myself. Bunu karakola ben kendim götüreceğim.

 

Dönüşlü zamirlerin, vurgulama ve pekiştirme özelliği de vardır:

 

      You yourself told me this. Bunu bana bizzat siz söylediniz.

 

      I saw John wash the car myself. John’un arabayı yıkadığını ben kendim gördüm.

 

I saw myself John wash the car.

 

      The town itself was so small that it didn’t have a bank. Kasabanın kendisi o kadar küçüktü ki bir bankası bile yoktu.

 

Dönüşlü zamirler “by” ile kullanıldığında iki anlama sahiptir:

 

Başkalarından yardım alınmadığını anlatır:

 

      Susan is only three but she wrote her name by herself. Susan daha üç yaşında ama adını kendi kendine yazdı.

 

      Jamie made that snowman by himself. Jamie, o kardan adamı kendi başına yaptı.

 

      It is a big garden, but we do all the gardening by ourselves. Bahçe büyük ama bütün bahçıvanlığı kendi başımıza yapıyoruz.

 

      They collected the evidence by themselves. Kanıtı kendi başlarına topladılar.

 

Kişinin yalnız olduğunu anlatır:

 

      Her father lives by himself in a very large house. Babası, çok büyük bir evde tek başına yaşıyor.

 

      I was there for about a year by myself. Yaklaşık bir yıl boyunca orada yalnız/kendi başımaydım.

 

Note: Yukarıdaki anlamları, on my own, on your own … yapısı ile de verebilir:

 

      I like living on my own. Kendi başıma (yalnız) yaşamayı seviyorum.

 

      I did my buttons up on my own. Düğmelerimi kendim ilikledim.

 

Vurgulama yapmak için “all” sözcüğü de ilave edilebilir:

 

      We cannot solve this problem all on our own. Bu problemi biz kendi başımıza çözemeyiz.

 

Own: kendi

 

      He wrote the letter on his own, he didn't need anybody's help.

 

 

5. Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative words are the pronouns "who, whom, whose, what, which" and the adverbs "where, when, why, how".

 

      Who is this man?

 

      What is it?

 

      Who / whom do you see?

 

      What did you say?

 

      Whose book is this?

 

      Which book is yours?

 

      Where do you live?

 

      When were you born?

 

      Why did you go there?

 

      How did it happen?

 

We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't know (what we are asking the question about).

 

There are four main interrogative pronouns: who, whom, what, which

 

Notice that the possessive pronoun whose can also be an interrogative pronoun (an interrogative possessive pronoun).

 

Note: Soru kelimeleri (Question Words) isim cümleciklerinde bağlaç olarak kullanılır. İsim cümleciklerinde soru kelimlerinin kullanımını, normal soru cümleleri ile karıştırılmamaldır. Question Words: what, when, why, where, which, who, how, how long, how much, how often.

      What can I do for you? (Sizin için ne yapabilirim?)

 

      Where are you going? (Nereye gidiyorsun?)

 

      When will you come back? (Ne zaman döneceksiniz?)

 

      How long will you be staying here? (Burada ne kadar süre kalacaksınız?)

 

Wh_ questions normally begin with an interrogative word (e.g., who, whom, which, what, whose, where, how).

      How can they do that?

 

      When did Roger leave?

 

Embedded wh_ questions are embedded inside a larger sentence and do not undergo subject– auxiliary inversion or do insertion.

      He wants to know how far it is to Boston.

 

      I’m not sure what the professor’s name is.

 

 

Question words are used to request information that has not been previously mentioned.

 

      What time is it?

 

      Excuse me, where is the Golden Gate Bridge?

 

It is possible to begin questions with the preposition. Even in written English such questions sound too formal:

      With whom did you go to the party?

Repeat please questions are usually uttered when the speaker wants someone to repeat part of something he or she said. They may have the normal wh- question words, or they may have the structure of a declarative sentence.

      She got in at fi ve o’clock. When did she get in? OR She got in when?

 

Elaborate please questions are asked to get someone to elaborate on an answer that has been given.

      He’ll come by tomorrow and look at it. When?

 

      Hey! That guy just picked my pocket! Which guy?

 

If you want more information than a simple yes/no answer, you must ask a question starting with one of the following question words: what, where, when, why, which, who(m), whose, how. In this kind of question you also normally use an auxiliary or modal:

      What did you say?

 

      Where does she live?

 

      When can you play chess?

 

      Why must I go to school tomorrow?

 

      Which book have you borrowed?

 

      Who has taken my calculator?

 

      Whose bag is this?

 

      How did you know the answer?

 

Questions starting with the question words do not need an auxiliary verb in the simple present or past.

      What happened?

 

      Who knows the answer?

 

      Whose parents came to Open Day?

 

 

The questions words are often followed by a noun (before the auxiliary/modal). The question how is often followed by an adjective.

      What time must we be there?

 

      What kind of music do you listen to?

 

      Which painting do you like the best?

 

      Whose parents are coming to the meeting tomorrow?

 

      How long have you lived in Germany?

 

      How much money do you have?

 

      How far is your house from the school?

 

      Do a quiz on question words.

 

We quite often want to ask a question containing a preposition. In spoken English the preposition is usually put at the end of the question, as in the following examples?

      Who did you go to the party with?

 

      Who are you talking to?

 

      What are you talking about?

 

      What did you say that for?

 

      What kind of place do you live in?

 

Who: Kim

 

“Who” is used to ask or talk about which person is involved, or what the name of a person is.

 

When “who” is used to find the subject, no form of “do” is used for question sentences.

 

“Who,” özneyi bulmak için kullanıldığında soru cümlesinde “do/does” gibi yardımcı fiiller soru eki olarak kullanılmaz, fiil hangi zamandaysa ona göre çekilmiş olarak kullanılır.

 

Who” is used to find the subject while asking question: Who + Verb.

 

Who came? Kim geldi?

 

Who broke my pen?

 

Who called you this morning?

 

Who did it?

 

 

 

Whome: Kimi, kime

 

 

We use “whom” to ask which person receives an action without preposition, the sentence is full meaning.

      Whom have you seen today?

 

      Whom did you give the Money?

 

      Whom did you talk to?

 

      Who saw you? – Tom saw me. Whom did you see? – I saw Anna.

 

      Who asked her to do it? – Ben asked her.

 

Whom did she ask for help? – She asked Mike to help her.

 

 

 

Whose: Kimin

 

We use “whose”, “with or without” a noun to ask about possession. İyelik (sahip olma) hakkında isimlerle birlikte ya da isimler olmaksızın soru sorarken kullanılır.

      Whose is this camera? This camera is mine.

 

      Whose bicycle did you borrow? Kimin bisikletini ödünç aldın?

 

      I found a wallet. Whose is it?

 

      Whose is this book?

 

      Whose was that beautiful car you were driving yesterday?

 

      Whose house is this? Who owns it?

 

      Whose car broke down?

 

What

Adjective: What a beautiful flower! (attributive)

 

Interjection: Oh, what a surprise!

 

Relative pronoun: He did what he promised.

 

Interrogative pronoun:

 

      What time is it?

 

      What kind of music do you listen to?

 

      What is inside the Queen’s handbag?

 

“What” is used to ask for information or for someone’s opinion: what + V₃

 

      What happened today? It rained.

 

Which is preferred when the speaker is thinking of a limited number of choices?

 

      Which color do you like? Blue, pink or green. (More natural than ‘What color do you like – blue, pink or green?’)

 

 

“What” ne anlamından başka genel olarak hangisi anlamındadır. What newspaper do you read?

 

“What” can be used to find the subject or the object while asking questions?

 

      I watched a movie last weekend. What did you do last weekend?

 

      What do you want to buy?

 

      What did you break it with?

 

      What is the weather going to be like tomorrow?

 

“What kind of” asks for information about characteristics of an item:

 

      What kind of car was he driving?

 

“What” is used to ask for information or for someone’s opinion: what + V₃

 

      What happened today? It rained.

 

      Can you tell me what caused the accident?

 

      What caused the fire?

 

What is used at the beginning of a statement to emphasize what you are going to say.

 

      What is most touching in his stories is the gallantry with which ordinary people struggle to maintain their dignity.

Which

Which is used to ask or talk about one or more members of a group of people or things, when you are uncertain about it or about them.

 

Explanation: “Which” seceneklerden hangisi ya da aşağıdakilerden hangisi anlamındadır. “Which” can be used to find the subject or the object. “Which” özneyi ya da nesneyi bulmak için kullanılabilir.

      Which is your house? The house on the left is my house.

 

      Which hand did you use?

 

      Which pencil is yours?

 

      Which of these two ways is the best?

 

      Do you see that man? Which one?

 

Note: Which one: use to stress the right thing. I can see them, but which one is your brother?

 

Note: Which countries do you visit?  USA, Germany, Italy, ..

 

Difference between which and what

What: used to introduce a clause about something that is or was not known or not certain. (Seçenekler belirsiz)

 

What is preferred when the speaker is not thinking of a limited number of choices? Which: have the same function with "what" but implies a choice. (Seçenekler belirlidir.)

 

      Most of what archaeologists know about prehistoric cultures is based on studies of material remains.

 

Which and what are often both possible with little difference of meaning. - Which is the coldest region in the world?

 

- What train did you come on?

 

     Which is preferred when the speaker is thinking of a limited number of choices?

 

      Which color do you like? Blue, pink or green. (More natural than ‘What color do you like – blue, pink or green?’)

 

     Both which and what can be used before nouns to ask questions about people and things.

 

- What writer do you like best? Which writer do you like best?

     Before a pronoun or a noun with a determiner we use “which of”. “What of” is not possible in this case.

 

      Which of these books are yours? (Not to be used as “What of these books are yours?”)

 

      Which of us is going to do the shopping? (Not to be used as “What of us is going to do the shopping?”)

 

How

“How” (nasıl) bir şeyin nasıl gerçekleştiği ya da nasıl yapıldığı ile ilgili soru sormak için kullanılır.

 

“How” ın bir kullanımı, taşıtların kullanımı ile ilgilidir.

 

      How did you get there? I took a taxi.

 

“How” sıklıkla sıfatlar ve zarflarla birlikte kullanılır.

 

      How old are you? I am twenty-four years old.

 

      How well does he speak English? Very well.

 

“Much”, “many”, “often” and “long” are frequently used with “how”.

 

      How much money do you have?

 

      How many cars do you have?

 

      How often do you see him?

 

      How long have you known him?

 

When

We use “when” to ask questions about times - periods of time, days and dates, and times of the day.

      When were you born?

 

 

 

Where

 

We use “where” to ask questions about place and direction.

 

      Where does she live?  I don’t know where she lives.

 

6.      Indefinite Pronoun 

Belirsiz zamirler, adların yerini tuttukları açıkça belli olmayan zamirlerdir.

 

Indefinite pronouns:

 

     some, any, no, every (and their derivatives, e.g., someone, somebody, something);

 

     Bu zamirlerden “_body” ve “_one” ile bitenler insanlar için, “_thing” ile bitenler ise cansızlar için kullanılır.

 

     each, else, one, all, both, other, either, neither

 

     most, many, few, much, little, several

 

Indefinite pronouns are used as nouns: Everybody is here. Something happened.

 

Indefinite pronouns are used as adjectives: every word; no books.

 

 

 

 

 

2.6.1.      Indefinite pronouns as the subject

 

If the subject is expressed by an indefinite pronoun in the function of a noun, use the following general principles of agreement between the subject and the verb.

 

Subject + singular verb:

 

The pronouns " every, some, any, no, each, one, either, neither, another" take a singular verb.

 

      Everyone is here.

 

      Someone has to pay for it.

 

      Is there anyone there?

 

      Nothing has changed.

 

      No one knows about it.

 

      Nobody wants to go there.

 

      One never knows what may happen.

 

      One of his friends is in the hospital.

 

      Each student will have a dictionary.

 

      Each of them is ready to do it.

 

      Neither of the answers is correct. Neither of the proposed plans is likely to work.

 

Subject + singular or plural verb

The pronouns "all, most, none, some, any" take a singular or plural verb depending on the meaning. If they denote part, portion, or amount of something, the singular form of the verb is used. If they refer to some number of persons or things, the plural form of the verb is used. The pronoun "none" can refer to one or several (persons, things) and can be used with the singular or plural form of the verb.

      All is well.

 

      All of it was lost.

 

      All the applications have to take a qualifying examination.

 

      All of them have left. All were sick.

 

      Most of it is pure magic. Most of them are writers.

 

      Most critically ill patients need intensive care.

 

      Some people like it; others don't.

 

      Some of this information is wrong. Some of these facts are interesting.

 

      Some think that it is easy.

 

      Underline mistakes, if there are any.

 

      None of it is true. None of them has /have returned yet.

 

Subject + plural verb

 

The pronouns "both, many, few, several, others" take a plural verb.

 

      Both of them are here. Both are sleeping.

 

      Few of us were able to do it.

 

      A few of his books have been translated into French.

 

      Many of them have offered their help.

 

      Several of George's friends are still here; the others have left.

 

 

 

The preposition "of" after indefinite pronouns

 

 

The preposition "of" is used after an indefinite pronoun in the function of a noun (some, any, all, many, most, few, several, both, one, none, each, either, neither) before a specific noun (i.e., a noun preceded by "the, this, that, these, those; my, his, your, their, Tom's" and the like).

 

Quantifiers of + Object Pronoun /Belirli çoğul isim+ Tekil fiil Quantifiers of + uncountable noun + Tekil fiil

 

One of, each of, every one of, either of, neither of, a couple of, none of, hundreds of, thousands of, etc. Much of, a little of, little of, a bit of, a good deal of, a great deal of.

      One of the students has an excuse for being late.

 

      Several of the questions still remain unanswered despite a discussion ten hours.

 

      I checked both engines. Either of them is working properly.

 

      Neither of my parents speaks German.

 

      Most of these stories are funny. (Incorrect: Most of stories...)

 

      Some of my students prefer evening classes. (Incorrect: Some of students...)

 

If the noun is not specific, "of" is not used:

 

      Some students prefer evening classes. (Here the noun "students" is not specific; "some" is in the function of an adjective.)

 

Also, "of" is used in expressions like "all of them; some of them; most of us; both of us; any of it; some of that; one of these; a few of those", etc.

 

“None of + a determiner + an uncountable” noun is also possible:

 

      None of this farming land belongs to them.

 

Both, Neither of, Either of, All, None of, Any of:

 

“Both”, always accompanies plural nouns,  and it always takes plural verbs.

 

As regards “all” and “not...any”, we use a singular verb if they come before uncountable nouns; and a plural verb, before plural nouns. For instance, “all (of) the money” is singular; but “all (of) the geraniums” is plural.

 

If we have two people or things in mind, we use “neither”, “not...either” or “both”; but if we have more than two, “none”, “not...any” or “all”.

 

“Neither, not...either and none” are usually treated as singular words in a formal style; but as plurals, in an informal one.

 

Both + noun,

 

neither + noun,

 

either + noun, nouns with either and neither have a singular verb.

 

More than: All, none of, any of

 

      Both (of) the bathing-caps are too big for him.

 

      Both the supermarkets were closed.

 

      Neither of the supermarkets was open.

 

      I don’t think either of the supermarkets was open.

 

      All the supermarkets were closed.

 

      None of the supermarkets were open.

 

      I don't think any of the supermarkets were open.

 

The phrases "a number of; the majority of" are treated as plural in meaning. They stand before a plural countable noun and are used with a plural verb.

      A number of English teachers were present at the meeting.

 

      A large number of rare books were sold by auction.

 

      There are a number of reasons why it happened.

 

      The majority of the students want to take part in the competition.

 

      The majority of the votes were against the adoption of the new rules.

 

A singular verb is also found with "the majority of" in some cases, for example, with "population".

      The majority of the population is (are) engaged in agriculture.

 

      The majority of the population live (lives) in villages.

 

If "number" and "majority" refer to the actual number as number, they are used with a singular verb.

      The number of participants is limited to ten.

 

      The number of visitors has increased.

 

      A majority of fifty votes is required for winning.

 

Phrases like "ten students; six books; five of them" as the subject take a plural verb. The numeral at the beginning of the sentence is always spelled out. If necessary, restructure your sentence to avoid using the numeral at the beginning.

      Twenty-five students are going to participate in this project.

 

      Ten people were injured in the fire.

 

      One dog is eating, and two dogs are sleeping.

 

      Fifteen thousand three hundred cars were sold last year. (Or: The company sold 15,300 cars last year.)

 

      There are seven books in my bag.

 

      Three of them are very interesting.

 

      Four of my students have visited Greece twice.

 

Sums of money, periods of time, distance, weight expressed by phrases like "ten dollars; five miles" in the subject are treated as singular (as a unit) and take a singular verb.

      Ten dollars for a cup of coffee is too much.

 

      Twenty years is a long time.

 

      Five miles on foot is out of the question.

 

      Two pounds of cheese is enough.

 

If part or portion of something is expressed in percent or fraction, the choice of a singular or plural verb depends on the noun after "of". If the noun is singular (countable or uncountable), the singular form of the verb is used. If the noun is plural (countable), the plural form of the verb is used.

      Thirty percent of the money was spent on the first day.

 

      Fifty percent of my students have a full-time job.

 

      One third of my students live very far from the center of the city.

 

      Half of the cake was eaten by the dog.

 

      Half of the apples were spoiled.

 

      Part of the house belongs to her brother.

6.2.           Every, Some, Any, No

 

Every, everyone, everybody, everything

 

 

Belirsiz şahıs zamirler cümlede özne durumundaysalar, birden fazla kişiyi ya da nesneyi anlatsalar da, her zaman tekil eylemlerle kullanılırlar. “Every one” ayrık iki sözcük ise, miktar belirteci olarak kullanılır. “everyone” birleşik sözcük ise, belirsiz şahız zamiridir.

 

      Everyone involved in the accident has been questioned by the police. Kazaya karışan herkes polis tarafından sorgulandı.

 

      Is everything all right? Her şey yolunda mı?

 

      Has everyone eaten as much as they want? Herkes istediği kadar yedi mi?

 

      Every student must take a final exam.

 

      I checked the tubes, but neither one contained gas.

 

Every can not be used for 2 things. For 2 things, each can be used:

 

      He was carrying a suitcase in each hand.

 

Every can be used to say how often something happens:

 

      There is a plane to Bangkok every day.

 

      The bus leaves every hour.

 

Cümle içinde tekrar söz edilen belgisiz zamirler çoğul olur:

 

      Everyone knows who stole it, but they are all afraid to tell anyone. Herkes onu kimin çaldığını biliyor ama birilerine söylemeye korkuyorlar.

 

 

We have to use “every” to refer to repeated regular events, as in once every, twice every, etc.

 

      She was suffering from cramp and in order to finish the tennis match needed to stretch her legs after every other game. (Every other: the first, third, fifth etc. or the second, fourth, sixth act)

 

Some, someone, somebody, something

The words “some” and “any” are used for countable and uncountable nouns. “Some” is used in positive sentence with meaning “a few, a little, and “any”; with meaning “none” in negative clauses or “a few / a little” in questions. “Some” olumlu cümlelerde ve cevabı olumlu sonuç beklenen soru cümlelerinde kullanılır. Bazen rica ya da ortaya fikir atarken de kullanılmaktadır.

      There are some eggs on the table.

 

      Would you like some more tea?

 

      Could I have some sugar, please?

 

      You need some stamps.

 

      I'm thirsty. I want something to drink.

 

      You must go. You have some work to do.

 

      Is there some fruit juice in the fridge? I think there is.

 

      Some don’t like cinema.There is someone in the room.

 

      I wrote some letters yesterday.

 

      Some of the letters were long.Somebody stole my wallet.

 

Olumlu cümlelerde:

 

      Surely someone knows where the documents are. Belgelerin nerede olduğunu elbette biri biliyor.

 

      There is somebody outside the house. Evin dışında biri var.

 

Karşılığında “evet” cevabı beklenen sorularda:

 

      Is there something you’d like to say? Söylemek istediğin bir şey var mı?

 

      Would you like something to eat? Yiyecek bir şey ister misin?

 

      Can you get someone to repair the door? Kapıyı onaracak birini bulabilir misin?

 

We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say “a something of”:

 

a piece of news. (Bir parça haber.)

 

a bottle of water. (Bir şişe su.)

 

a grain of rice. (Bir tane pirinç)

 

something of their spirit: onun ruhundan biraz

 

something of news: biraz haber

 

 

Any, anyone, anybody, anything

Any is used in negative and question. Hem sayılan hem sayılamayan isimler ile kullanılır.

 

“Any more” is used in question or negative form.

 

      He doesn't need any stamps. Does he need any stamps?

 

      Do you have any homework to do?

 

      I didn’t see anyone yesterday.I don’t want to see any.

 

“Any” is used in a positive sentence when the real sense is negative.

 

      I refused to give them any money. (I did not give them any money)

 

      She finished the test without any difficulty. (She did not have any difficulty)

 

      I’ve never met anyone so totally lacking in a sense of humor. Espri anlayışı bu kadar kıt biriyle hiç karşılaşmamıştım.

 

      Is there nobody here who can answer my question? Burada soruma cevap verecek kimse yok mu?

 

      Something in the cupboard smells odd. Dolapta bir şey tuhaf kokuyor.

 

Genel ifadelerde cümlenin öznesi ve nesnesi olarak:

 

      Anyone could dress well with as much money as he’s got. Ondaki parayla herkes iyi giyinir.

 

      If anyone could persuade him to come to the party you could. Onu partiye gelmesi için ikna edecek birisi varsa o da sensin.

 

Note: Olumsuz cümlelerin öznesi olarak kullanılmazlar. “Anybody can’t come in.” denmez.

 

Olumlu soru ve olumsuz soru cümlelerinde kullanılırlar:

 

      I was so pleased when you rang; I hadn’t spoken to anyone all day. Aradığına çok sevindim; bütün gün kimseyle konuşmamıştım.

 

      Was there anyone you knew at the meeting? Toplantıda tanıdığın biri var mıydı?

 

      Is there anything I can do to help? Yardım edebileceğim bir şey var mı?

 

      Won’t anybody help me? Bana yardım edecek yok mu?

No, no one, nobody, nothing

“No” ise olumlu cümlelerde yokluktan bahsetmek için kullanılır. Kendileri olumsuz olduğu için cümleyi ayrıca olumsuz yapmaya gerek yoktur. Örneğin, “There isn’t nobody in the room.” denmez.

 

No more= nothing, no change

 

      No citizen of the European Union lives more than 700 km away from the coast.

 

      There is nobody in the room. Odada kimse yok.

 

      Tom said nothing for a moment. Tom bir süre hiçbir şey söylemedi.

 

      No one believes him. Kimse ona inanmıyor.

 

      Nobody could find their luggage. Kimse bagajını bulamadı.

 

      Nobody else offered to help. Başka hiç kimse yardım teklif etmedi.

 

      There is nothing interesting in the newspaper. Gazetede ilginç bir şey yok.

 

      Nobody can do it.

 

Note: “No one”  belgisiz zamiri ya ayrı ya da tire ile (no-one) şeklinde yazılır.

6.3.       Each, Else, One, All, Other

Each

“Each” and “every” are both determiners used with singular nouns to indicate quantity. “Each” indicates two or more objects or people and “every” indicates three or more. “Each” can also be used as a pronoun, but “every” cannot be.

 

The determiners each and every have similar but not always identical meanings.

 

Each = every one separately

 

Every = each, all

 

Each is often followed by a prepositional phrase ending in a plural word (Each of the cars), thus confusing the verb choice. Each, too, is always singular and requires a singular verb.

 

Each can be used in front of the verb:

 

      The soldiers each received a medal.

 

Each can be followed by "of":

 

      The president spoke to each of the soldiers.

 

      He gave a medal to each of them.

 

      Each of the students is responsible for doing his or her work in the library.

 

Each can be used as pronoun:

 

      Each exam was quite difficult.

 

      Each artist sees things differently.

 

      Each can be used in front of the verb: The soldiers each received a medal.

 

      Each can be followed by 'of': The President spoke to each of the soldiers. He gave a medal to each of them.

Else

“Else” is used after words beginning with 'some-', 'every-', 'any-', and 'no-', and after question words: besides or in addition to someone or something.

      If you don’t like this one, try something else.

 

One

      One student is waiting for Dr. Donald in the teacher’s room.

 

      One can’t live without air.

 

Another

 

Another: Bir diğer, bir diğeri

 

Ya sıfat olarak kendinden sonra tekil bir isim alır ya da zamir olarak tekil bir ismin yerine kullanılır.

 

      My computer got broken, so I had to buy another one.

 

“Another” yapısı gruplandırma ifade eden sayılarla beraber kullanıldığında kendisinden sonra çoğul isim alması mümkündür.

      It has been reported that another 300 people were killed in the earthquake.

 

 

 

Other

 

Other: başka, diğer (Other + Pural Noun)

 

“Other” sıfat olup kendisinden sonra çoğul isim alır. “Other” is used to refer to all the people or things in a group apart from the one you have already mentioned or the one that is already known about.

      These are not effective. We should find other ways of teaching essay writing.

 

Others: diğerleri (“Others” is a pronoun.)

 

“Others” yapısı zamir olarak kullanılır, kendisinden sonra isim almaz. Anlamca çoğul isimlerin yerine kullanılır. Rakamca net bir sayıya gönderme yapmaz.

      Some people like to have the windows open all time; others don’t.

 

      Some writers use allegory, but others refuse to use it.

 

      These are not effective ways of teaching essay writing. We should fid others.

 

“Other” ve “others” yapıları “some, any, many” gibi yapıları ile nitelenebilir.

 

      Some other applicants will be interviewed today. Some others will be interviewed today.

 

      Some people like coffee, while other people like tea. Some people like coffee, while others like tea.

 

      Some plants are annual; others are biennials; the rest are perennials.

 

The other + Plural Noun: Öteki, diğeri, geriye kalan

 

“The other” yapısı zamir olarak kullanılır, sayısı belli olan öteki çoğul bir isim grubuna gönderme yapar.

      I have read seven of these 10 books. The others still remain untouched.

 

      The other books that I bought are on the table. The others that I bought are on the table.

 

      I met two strangers on the way to work. One of them greeted me and the other didn't.

 

      Bill and the other boys are playing in the yard. Bill and the others are playing in the yard.

 

      Jane and the other girls are in the front room.

 

The odd + occasion /day /moment /drink etc especially British English a few occasions, days etc that happen at various times but not often and not regularly

      I came to see you the odd day. It was last Friday, I think. Ben bir gün seni görmek için geldim.

 

Geçen Cumaydı, sanırım.

 

The next day/week etc (=on or during the following day, week etc)

 

      We spent the night in a small village and continued our journey the next day.

 

One another, Each other: birbiri, birbirleri

 

We use the reciprocal pronouns “each other” and “one another” when two or more people do the same thing. Traditionally, “each other “refers to two people and “one another” refers to more than two people, but this distinction is disappearing in modern English.

 

Daha önce bahsi geçen bir duruma gönderme yaparlar. “One another” ikiden fazla duruma gönderme yaparken “each other” iki duruma gönderme yapar.

      Everybody in the class should help one another. Sınıfdaki herkes birbirine yardım eder.

 

      They love each other. Onlar birbirlerini seviyorlar.

 

      Peter and Mary helped one another.  Peter helped Mary and Mary helped Peter.

 

      We sent each other Christmas cards. We sent them a Christmas card and they sent us a Christmas card.

 

      They didn’t look at one another.  He didn't look at her and she didn't look at him.

 

We also use the possessive forms each other’s and one another’s:

 

      They helped to look after each other’s children.

 

      We often stayed in one another’s houses.

 

      Note: We do not use reciprocal pronouns as the subject of a verb. 

6.4.         Both, Either, Neither

Both mean two of two things. Remember to use a plural verb after  “both”.

 

You don’t have to use “of” with “both”:

 

      Both children like chocolate cake.

 

Neither means not one or the other of two things. Remember to use a singular verb after neither.

      Neither of my cats is grey.

 

      Neither of the dogs is dangerous.

 

“Either” means one or the other.

 

      There are two cakes. Please have one. You can have either one.

 

“Both”, “neither” and “either” directly before a noun.

 

      Both supermarkets are good.

 

      Neither supermarket sells electrical goods.

 

      We can go to either supermarket, I don’t mind.

 

Both of + object pronoun,

 

Either of + object pronoun,

 

Neither of + object pronoun,

 

Object pronoun: you, them, my, these, those, his, us, its, …

 

      Both of them wore white dresses.

 

      Neither of us was late.

 

      Have either of you got a pen?

 

Compare either/neither/both (two things) and any/none/all (more than two):

 

      There are two good hotels in the town. You can stay at either of them.

 

      There are many good hotels in the town. You can stay at any of them.

 

      We tried two hotels. Neither of them had any rooms. / Both of them were full.

 

      We tried a lot of hotels. None of them had any rooms. / All of them were full.

 

Both ... and,

 

neither ... nor,

 

either ... or:

 

      Both James and Diana work here.

 

      Neither James nor Diana works here.

 

      You can ask either James or Diana.

 

Either

İki sıfattan bahsedip, devamında tekil bir isim nitelendirildiğinde “ikisi de, her iki” anlamı verir.

      On either side of him sat a cat. Her iki yanınada bir kedi oturdu.

 

      I don’t like either one. İkisini de sevmedim.

 

As Pronoun; Either: önceden bahsi geçen iki şeyin yerine “her ikisi, ikisi de; ikisinden biri” anlamında kullanılır.

      You can have either. Her ikisine de ship olabilirsin. Her ikisini de alabilirsin.

 

As Correlative Conjunctions; “either … or …”:  ya … ya da …

 

      Either you do this or you clear out of here for good. Ya bunu yaparsın ya da buradan temelli defolursun.

 

      Either he forgot about the meeting or he deliberately stayed a way. O ya toplantıyı unuttu ya da bilerek gelmedi.

 

As Tag; negative cümlenin sonunda ekleme olarak “ de/da” anlamında kullanılır.

 

      I don’t know how to play this game. I don’t either.

 

      He was not invited, and any of his friends weren’t, either.

 

Neither

 

As adjective; neither: ikisinde hiç biri; İki şeyden bahsederken tekil bir ismi niteler.

 

      Neither student can answer this.

 

      Neither offer appeals to me because of low wages.

 

As Pronoun; neither: her ikisi, ikisi de, ikisinden biri; Daha önce bahsi geçen iki şey yerine kullanılır.

      I liked neither.  İkisini de sevmedim.

 

      Neither appeals to me because of low wages.

 

As Correlative Conjunctions; “neither … nor …”:  ne … ne de …

 

      I liked neither white nor red one.

 

      The coffee is neither too cold nor too hot.

 

      The baby can neither speak nor walk.

 

As Tag; devrik cümlede zarf olarak negative bir cümleninin ardından gelen yapıda “de/da” anlamı verir.

      I didn’t like the movie. Neither did I.

 

      I have never been abroad. Neither have I.

 

      Britain does not comply with the protocol. Neither do Denmark and Portugal.

 

Both

As adjective, both: ikisini de; iki şeyden bahsederken devamında çoğul bir isim niteler.

 

      Both teams are realy good.

 

      I already know both boys well.

 

      There were a lot of people on both sidesof the road waiting to welcome the Prime Minister.

 

As prounoun, both: her ikisi de; iki şeyden bahsederken devamında ikisinin yerine kullanılır.

 

      Did the packages come? Yes both come.

 

As correlative conjunctions, both … and … : hem … hem de …

 

      This time, I will try a method that is both simple and effective.

 

      Yesterday, I both cleaned the house and tidied my room.

 

As emphasis: yardımcı fiilden sonra ana fiilden önce gelir özneyi vurgular.

 

      We have both passed the test.

 

      They are both regarded as the leader of their community.

 

As emphasis: nesneden sonra gelir, nesneyi vurgular.

 

      I know you both well. Her ikinizide iyi tanırım.

 

      The police arrested those two girls both. Polis iki kızı da tutukladı.

 

 

6.5.       But

 

As Preposition; but: … hariç

 

      The new maid does almost anything but wash windows. Yeni hizmetci, pencereleri silmek hariç, her işi yapar.

 

As Coordinating Conjunctions; but: fakat, ama, lakin, ancak, halbuki

 

      She had not studied hard enough, but she was able to pass the exam.

 

But for: olmasan, (without yapısı)

 

      But for you, life would be difficult. Sen olmasan hayat zor olurdu.

 

Not only… but also ….: sadece … değil, ayrıca …

 

      Not only she speaks English, but she also speaks Spanish.

 

Not … but … : … değil …

 

      She went abroad not to have a vacation but to improve her English.

 

 

7.        Referral: Preventing to repeats

 

Preventing to Repeats

 

Add words needed to make comparisons logical and complete.

 

      The forests of North America are much more extensive than Europe.

 

Put limiting modifiers in front of words they modify.  (Reduce clauses)

 

      Lasers only destroy the target, leaving the surrounding healthy tissue intact.

 

      The turtle only makes progress when it sticks its neck out.

 

Avoid sudden shifts from indirect to direct questions.

 

      I wonder whether the sister knew of the theft and, if so, did she report it to the police.

 

You should always balance parallel ideas that utilize a series or a linked comparison.

 

      Hooked on romance novels, I learned that there is nothing more important than being rich, looking good, and to have a good time.

 

Repeat prepositions and conjunctions to clarify parallels.

 

      Many smokers try switching to a brand they find distasteful or a low tar and nicotine cigarette.

 

Place phrases and clauses so that readers can see at a glance what they modify. When phrases or clauses are oddly placed, absurd misreadings can result. Consider the difference between the two following sentences:

 

      The king returned to the clinic where he had undergone heart surgery in 2000 in a limousine sent by the White House.

 

      Traveling in a limousine sent by the White House, the king returned to the clinic where he had undergone heart surgery in 2000.

 

Avoid split infinitives when they are awkward. How would you revise this sentence: “The patient should try to if possible avoid going up and down stairs.”

 

Misplaced modifier

Repair dangling modifiers.  A dangling modifier fails to refer logically to any word in the sentence.

 

Examples:

 

        “Deciding to join the navy, the recruiter enthusiastically pumped Joe’s Hand.”

 

        “To please the children, some fireworks were set off a day early.”

 

        “Though only sixteen, UCLA accepted Martha’s application.”

 

Make the point of view consistent in person and number. What’s wrong here?

 

“One needs a password and a credit card number to access this database. You will be billed at an hourly rate.”

 

A police officer is often criticized for always being there when they aren’t needed and never being there when they are.”

 

        “Everyone took out their pencil.”

 

Maintain consistent verb tenses.

 

      There was no way I could fight the current and win. Just as I was losing hope, a stranger jumps off a passing boat and swims toward me.

 

Avoid too many consecutive long sentences. When you want to make a point forcefully, use a short sentence. Short sentences demand attention. However, you should short sentences primarily for emphasis. Too many short sentences, one after the other, make for a choppy style.

 

      We keep our use of insecticides to a minimum. We are concerned about their effect on the environment.

 

Use “however” and “but” properly.  Here are some examples of proper uses:

 

      I went to the store, but I forgot to buy bread.

 

I went to the store; however, I forgot to buy bread.

 

      If you think Ken Burns knows anything about jazz, however, you’ve got another thing coming.

 

      However, I do think that this example could be improved.

 

Improper uses:

 

      We offered to help the elderly woman cross the busy street but she wouldn’t allow anyone to help her.

 

      Her hearing sharpened, however she gradually lost her sight.

 

Do not subordinate excessively. The following sentence collapses from its own weight and should be divided:

 

      Our job is to stay between the stacker and the tie machine watching to see if the newspapers jam, in which case we pull the bundles off and stack them on a skid, because otherwise they would back up the stacker.

 

Avoid unnecessary repetition of words.

 

      Our fifth patient, in room six, is a mentally ill patient.

 

      The best teachers help each student to become a better student both academically and emotionally.

Simplify the structure of wordy sentences.  How might these sentences be improved?

 

      There is another module that tells the story of Charles Darwin and introduces the theory of evolution.

 

      It is imperative that all police officers follow strict procedures when apprehending a subject.

 

Make subjects and verbs agree in number. Prepositional phrases do not affect the singularity or plurality of the relevant noun. Treat indefinite pronouns as singular.

      High levels of air pollution cause damage to the respiratory tract.

 

      The samples on the tray in the lab need testing.

 

      Everyone on the team supports the coach.

 

      Each of the rooms has been cleaned.

 

      Everybody who signed up for the ski trip was taking lessons.

 

 

 

Referral Pronoun: They, it, them, its

 

Possessive pronouns are used in English to avoid repeating information that is already clear. In

 

general  it  makes  the  sentence  less  confusing  because  the  same  information  is  not  being

 

repeated.

 

Question: his pen

 

Answer:  Yes: ours. No: his/hers/theirs...

 

      Are these your coats? Yes they are ours.

 

You can use a pronoun to refer to a noun. Bir önceki cümlede belirli isim tamlamasının yerine kullanılan zamirler: such, all, this,that, it, they, he, …

 

      Despite its wide range of styles and instrumentation, country music has certain features that give it its own special character. (it=country music)

 

The pronouns “this, that, these and those” can be used to refer to entire sentences.

 

We can use a possessive instead of a noun phrase to avoid repeating words.

 

 

 

Omit the second "the"

 

Is it grammatically correct to omit the second "the" in the sentence?

 

      The viscosity and the density of water characterize its speed. and write instead The viscosity and density of water characterize its speed?

 

It means the same as "the viscosity of water and the density of water", but a "the" has not been omitted, nor has "of water" been omitted. Instead, a conjoined noun, "viscosity and density", has been used as the head noun of the noun phrase. There is only one noun phrase there, consequently, there is only one "the". But "[[the viscosity of water] and [the density of water]]" has two noun phrases, and consequently there are two "the"s -- one for each noun phrase.

Interrogative is used to prevent to repeats

Both of which:

 

      After the First World War, the author Anais Nin became interested in the art movement as Surrealism and psychoanalysis, both of which influenced her novels and short stories.

 

(both of which= both of the art movement as surrealism and psychoanalysis)

 

Which: used, after a comma in writing, to add more information about the thing, situation, or event you have just mentioned.

 

All of which:

 

      Noise in a room may be reduced by carpeting, draperies, and upholstered furniture, all of which absorb sound.

 

(All of which= carpeting, draperies, and upholstered furniture)

 

Some of which:

 

      The young man sold his books, some of which were hand written. Genç adam, bazıları el yazması olan kitaplarını sattı.

 

Two of which:

 

      The coals can be divided into three groups, two of which are etinct.

 

Most of whom:

 

      The players, most of whom played badly, were booed by the fans. Çoğu kötü oynayan oyuncular, taraftarlar tarafından yuhalandı.

 

Neither of whom:

 

Both students, neither of whom studied hard, passed the test. Pek fazla çalışmayan iki öğrenci de imtihanda başarılı oldu.