Subject - Özne
Noun, Noun Phrase, Ving, adjective clauses are used as the subjects of sentences. Subject is typically a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun. Subject is placed at the beginning of the sentence and is usually expressed by a noun, noun phrase or a pronoun. The subject group may include an article and an attribute. You can find the subject of a sentence if you can find the verb.
Açıklama:
Öznenin yanında görülen her fiil yüklemdir. Lakin ismin yanında gördüğün her “V3 ve Ving” fiil olmaz. Kısaltma yapma görevi vardır.
milk drunk (noun + V3: passive): milk which is drunk : içilen süt
The boy who is living in the village : The boy living in the village (noun + Ving: active): köyde yaşayan çocuk.
Yaygın özne biçimleri:
Noun :
Ankara is the capital of Turkey.
Monkeys like bananas.
Tom and Anna live in Boston.
The dictionary helps us find words.
The newspapers called him as a brave man.
Dolphins swim, frogs jump, snakes crawl, and birds fly.
Birds sing, cows moo, cats mew, and dogs bark.
John is a car mechanic, and Mike repairs refrigerators.
That student is from Rome.
Mary is sleeping now.
I need a book, but she doesn’t.
I don't have much money.
Zamir :
She should drink milk in the morning.
He writes short stories.
Mastar:
To walk is healty.
To eat six different kinds of vegetables a day is healthy.
Gerund:
Swimming is useful.
Playing basketball takes up too much of her time.
Adjective + Noun
A heavy shower fell yesterday.
White horse came back yesterday.(Adjective +Noun)
Ad öbeği + İlgeç öbeği:
The girl in the car is my sister.
Noun Clause:
That he is clever is obvious.
Adjective clause:
The boy who is running in the garden is my brother.
The man who is sitting over there told me that he just bought a ticket to Tahiti.
Possessive Adjective + Noun
His friends put his books in the national library. (Where)
His little son is learning to read.
Noun, Descriptive structure:
Yaşar Kemal, the famous novelist, went to Paris.
Noun + noun + noun:
Books, pens and papers were scattered on the desk.
Examples:
The history of the German occupation of France is dirty, tragic, and sometimes darkly comic.
If the cost of health benefits for working people in a country rises, usually employers cut wages or pass on the costs as higher prices to customers.
Bir ülkedeki çalışan insanlar için sağlık faydalarının maliyeti artarsa, genellikle işverenler ücretleri keser veya masrafları daha yüksek maliyetlerde müşterilere yansıtır.
Nouns can be direct objects. The direct object follows the verb and completes its meaning. It answers the question “who” or “what”.
Sally's family bought a new car.
Nouns can be indirect objects. An indirect object comes between the verb and the direct object and tells to whom or from whom something was done.
She gave Sally a big hug.
Determiner + Adv + Adj +Noun:
This extremely interesting innovation
These extremely sensitive issues
A democratically elected government is now ruling the country.
Incredibly beautiful women opened the door.
Example:
During the 1990s, the country that was viewed by American leaders and many others in the West as the most important challenge for a transition to democracy was Russia.
Subject: the country that was viewed by American leaders and many others in the West as the most important challenge for a transition to democracy
Pronoun:
We use pronouns in place of nouns and noun phrases.
Personel pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, you, we, they
Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, you, us, them
Possessive: my, your, his, her, its, your, our, their
Reflexive: myself, yourself, themselves
Indefinite: somebody, anyone, everything, etc.
Agreement of personal pronouns
If a personal pronoun is used as a substitute for a noun in the subject (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they) or in the object (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them), the pronoun should agree with its noun in person, number and gender.
John is in Spain now.He will come back in a week. Maria talked to him an hour ago.
Lena went shopping yesterday. She bought a nice coat. I called her in the morning.
This film is interesting. It is about water and its qualities. I saw it last week.
Alex and Vera visited us yesterday. They asked me to help them find a new apartment.
I bought several new books. They are interesting. I can give them to you, if you want to read them.
If you need to use a personal pronoun instead of a singular noun that may refer to male and female persons, use the phrase "he, she, it" or, if possible, restructure your sentence in the plural so that you can use "they".
A student learns best if he or she studies regularly. (acceptable use)
Students learn best if they study regularly. (preferable use)
If you need to use a personal pronoun instead of an indefinite pronoun, such as "anyone, somebody", use the phrase "he or she" or restructure your sentence to avoid the use of personal pronouns. In informal speech, the plural "they" may be used in such cases, which is considered to be incorrect from the point of view of grammar.
Someone entered the room at night and stole the letter. He or she opened the door with a key.
Someone entered the room at night and stole the letter. The thief opened the door with a key.
Someone entered the room at night and stole the letter. They opened the door with a key. (informal use)
If anybody comes while I'm absent, ask them to wait for me. (informal use)
Traditional use of "he":
In traditional use, the masculine pronoun "he" replaced a singular noun or an indefinite pronoun that referred to both sexes or to a person of either sex.
For example:
A student learns best if he studies regularly.
Someone entered the room at night, but he didn't find the letter.
At the present time, it is advisable to avoid such use of "he".
Şimdiki zamanda, "he" nin böyle kullanılmasının önlenmesi tavsiye edilir.
Agreement of possessive pronouns:
In a sentence, a possessive pronoun should agree in person, number and gender with the noun or pronoun to which it refers.
Standard patterns of agreement are shown in the examples below.
I opened my bag. You opened your bag.
He opened his bag. She opened her bag.
It opened its eyes. (e.g., it = a bird, a cat, a monster)
We opened our bags. You opened your bags. They opened their bags.
You and I opened our bags. You and he opened your bags. He and she opened their bags.
The boy opened his bag. The girl opened her bag. The boy and the girl opened their bags.
The doctor opened his bag. (You know that the doctor is a man.)
The doctor opened her bag. (You know that the doctor is a woman.)
The doctors opened their bags.
The subject may be expressed by an indefinite pronoun:
If the subject is expressed by an indefinite pronoun (e.g., each, someone), the gender is not known, but it is quite possible that male and female persons are included. The masculine pronoun "his" was traditionally used in such cases in speech and writing: Everybody has his own opinion. Such sentences may be misleading sometimes, and in some cases may be even considered offensive to women. It is better to restructure such sentences in the plural so that you can avoid using "his" when referring to men and women together.
Traditional use:
Each student opened his bag. Everyone opened his bag. Each of us opened his bag.
Informal use:
Each student opened their bag. Everyone opened their bag. Each of us opened our bag.
Restructured sentences:
The students opened their bags. All of them opened their bags. All of us opened our bags.
You can also use "his or her" in such cases in the singular: Everyone opened his or her bag.
Each student opened his or her bag.
Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by words such as along “with, as well as, besides, or not”.
Ignore these expressions when determining whether to use a singular or plural verb.
The captain as well as the passengers was frightened.
