WORD FORMATION BY ADDING SUFFIXES

WORD FORMATION BY ADDING SUFFIXES

A large number of suffixes are found in English. When theae suffixes are added to base, the meaning or the function of that baae i8 modified or changed.

When wordB are conBtructed by the addition of suffixes, the part of speech ia often changed.

Addition of a auffix can give us the oppoBite of the base, itB feminine gender, and ita diminutive etc. We can classify auffixea referring to the changes in the parts of speech.

(i)        Suffixes /orrnfrig No ii n6 Jolt Nomes :

There are the suffixes uaed for forming nouns from nouns —

 

Suffix	Examples
—dour	kingdom, dukedom, martyrdom
—ship	kingship, friendship, leadership
—er	confectioner,    stationer,     teenager,     Londoner,    probationer, householder
—eer —oter	profiteer, pamp Meteer, engineer, songater, spinster, trickster, gangster, volunteer, auctioneer
—let	booklet. armlet, tablet, coverlet
—hood	manhood, bachelorhood, brotherhood
—ess	tigeress, authoreas, poetess, archereas
—ful	spoonful, mouthful
—ocracY                     | aristocracy, theoeracy, mobocraey
—cry                           archery, machinery, mastery, —ry                              jewellery, gentry, drudgery, foolery

(ii)       Suffi:res to form Nouns from Adjectives :

 

Examples

—it                                Bu  eriorit                                    adversit       a  sivit                             aolidit                                    vitalit                                    vul  aits —th                             death, truth

—ness                          kindness, goodnesB, readiness, sadness, gladness, deftness, roundneaa, shortness, justneas

(iii)     Suffixes to form Norris from Verbs .

 

SufEa	Examples
—ee	addreBaee, devotee, payee
—th	growth, health, gteaIth
—ant	claimant, servant, consultant

—al	withdrawal, dismissal, appraisal, refusal, revival, survival
—ment	agreement, resentment, appointment, improvement, development
—ation	preservation, damnation, ateriliBation, adoration
—ing	smoking, walking, counselling
—er —or	debator, swimmer, rider speaker, protector, inspector

(iv)     Stt//iws to form Adjectives from Nou ns :

Suffix	EKBmpleB
—al	norñial,    philosophical,  emotional,    rational,     biological, cultural
—y	handy, foggy, airy, watery, needy, worthy
—leaa	luckleBa, faithless, homeless, eyelesa
—ful	graceful, colourful fearful, playful, meaningful
—iah	modish, girlish, beariah, bullish
—worthy	praiseworthy, roadworthy
—ie	poetic, scenic, bardic, heroic, analytic
—ive	relative, massive, narrative, expenBive, derivative
—ian —arian	Canadian, disciplinarian, Georgian, barbarian, latitudinarian.
—oua —ous -YOUS	piteoua, riotous, famous, virtuous, auperBtitious, dangerous, glorious, courteous
—Bozrie	venturesome,        gamesome,       handBome,      quarrelsome, wholesome
—ly —like	womanly, miaerly, fatherly, ladylike, godlike, buaineBslike
vague	pictureBque, pieareaque, Kafkasque, grotesque, Danteaque

(v)       S!ome More Su/Jms to form Adjectiue8 :

Suffix	Examples
—ed	stained, starred, windowed, red•faced
—iah	_palish, fattiBh, talliah
—ing	laughing, burning, helping
—ible —able	reversible, negligible remarkable, considerable, forgettable

(vi)     Suffixes to form Aduerbc :

	Eaamples
—Iy	badly, kindly, beautifully, nearly
—lollg	headlolls, Bidelong
—wise	recordwise,      reportwiae,      hea1t!iwiae,                          educationwise, likewise, otherwise, namewiae
—ward —wards	heavenward(a),     homeward(s),     upward(a),    downward(s), wayward, schoolward(a), toward(a/, northward
	atraightwav, alw aya

 

 

 

(vii)    Su/Jims forming Verbs :

 

	Examples
—er	hinder, glimmer
ify	modify, qualify, diversify, solidify
-le	nestle, sparkle, handle
--en	shorten, ripen, harden, weoken, sweeter
-ize	liberalize, civilize, hospitalize, commercialize

(viii)    lsuffixes forming Ad jectiue/Noun fro rii Ad jewtrue/Noun :

 

Suffix	Examples
-lBt	socialist, capitalist, nudist, Marxist, leftiBt, moralist
—ism	idealism, Marxism. revivalism, conservatism, protectionism.
—eBe	Nepalese, Sudanese
—an —ian	Rtla8ian, Anglican, American, Puritan, g_uardian, Kantian

(ix)     ltfore Su//ixes /orining Notins :

 

Suffix		Examples
-age		bondage, drainage, marriage, ilgrimage, hermitage,
-ice		cowardice, service, bodice
-ate		electorate, consulate
—ence -ance		emergence, prevalence, excellence abundance, hindrance
-ion tude		opinion, orationp tension
		magnitude, solitude
—ure		furniture, creature

1.         Cor.ipound Words :

Compoutid wordB are formed by joining twti or more baaes. The words formed by compounding, that is combining, basic words, are treated aB a unit. For example,

water + tight —r watertight milk + maid —r milkmaid

Theae compound worda n ay be a verb, a noun, or an adjective.

Since compounds are the words formed by joining two or more,  basic woPdB together, the Be can be written aB a single word, or as two words linked together by sense, or with a hyphen placed between them. Some compounds in English have outgrown the  stages  of being written separately or as a hyphenated word, and  enjoy  the  status of a single  word.  But when we form a compound,  not  in general use,  we  can play aafer  by  uaing a  hyphen in order to avoid confusion.

We can claBaify compound worda as Noun compounds, Adjective compounds and Verb compounds.

(i j Nou›t to inpounds -

 

None              Noun         Noun -1- (Verb -1- er]	story-book, maid-ser•zant, m2lkman, cardboard; handlooni, windowpane, diesel engine, television-screen, lunch time, rose-bud, bedroom, bodyguard, z'oodwork, bookworm, handpump, toytrain, raincoat, waistband, shipyard, inkpen.   bus driver, mine worker, computer programmer, roller-skater, doorkeeper, painkiller, Btore keeper.
Noun + Verb	waterfall, snowdrift, frostñite, heartbeat, daybreak

                                    

(ii)      Adjectiue Compou nds :

 

Noun + Adjectives	blood-red, akin-deep, snow-white, pitch-dark, air-tight, life-long,                      parrot-green,                      sky-blue,                      woe-begone, world-weary, worldwide.
Noun + Past Participle	hen-pecked,                       home-made,                       bed-ridden,                       care-worn, ivy-mantled,                      heartfelt,                      star-   spangled,                      heart-broken, air-borne.
Noun + Present Participle	neck-breaking, life-Baving, mind-boggling, soul-stirring, heart-touching,                       time-aaving,                       path-breaking, spine-chilling.
Adjective + Adjective	Indo-Anghan, tragi-comic, red-hot, bluiah-pale, fool-hardy
Adjective + Noun	five-rupee (note), thrée-piece (suit), one-way (traffic), one-day (match),
Adjective + Paat Partieiple	aoft-hearted, hard-spoken, ill-tempered, aweet-tongued, narrow-minded, high-born, large-hearted, short-winded.
Adverb + Past Participle	well-planned, ill-executed, short-sighted, downgraded.

(iii)    Verb Compounds :

 

Noun + Verb	daydream, handwaah, brow-beat, earmark, typewrite, hood-wink, back-bite
Adverb + Verb	overlook, uphold, undermine, overtake, outwit, downplay, foretell.
Adjective + Verb	white-wash, cold-shoulder, safeguard, dumb-found, fulfil.