Functions | Connectives |
Addition | in addition, and, similarly, likewise, as well as, furthermore, also, moreover, and then, too, not only ... but also, even |
Sequence | to begin with, then, next, earlier/later, after this/that, following this/that, afterwards |
Consequence | as a result, thus, so, therefore, consequently, thereby, eventually, then, in that case |
Contrast | however, on the other hand, despite, in spite of, though, although, even though, but, on the contrary, otherwise, yet, instead of, rather, whereas, nonetheless, in contrast |
Certainty | obviously, certainly, plainly, of course, undoubtedly |
Condition | if, unless, whether, provided that, for, so that, depending on |
Definition | refers to, means, consists of |
Summary | in conclusion, in summary, lastly, finally, to sum up, to conclude, to recapitulate, in short |
Example | for instance, for example, just as, in particular, such as, namely, to illustrate |
Reason | since, as, so, because (of), due to, owing to, in other words |
Time | before, since, as, until, meanwhile, at the moment, when, whenever, as soon as |
Grammar Focus: Types of Conjunctions
CONJUNCTIONS | MEANINGS | EXAMPLES |
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS | ||
For | because | I have to find a new job, for I am unemployed. |
And | in addition to | Please calm down. Let’s wait and see. |
Nor | and not | Neither my parents nor my teachers supported me. |
But | however | I have a nice house but I don’t have a car. |
Or | either | Do you have any brothers or sisters? |
Yet | but | He is good person, yet you don’t trust him. |
So | therefore | My brother is very smart, so everybody likes him. |
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS | ||
As | reason | I did not go to school as I was sick. |
Since | because; as | I will not write to you since you write to me. |
Because | for the reason | I walked slowly because my leg was fractured. |
Therefore | logical result | I am sixteen therefore I am not eligible to vote. |
Though | despite the fact that | Though he is poor, he is honest. |
Although | despite the fact that | Although it was very hot, they continued walking. |
Despite | unexpected result | He failed the exam despite hard labour. |
In spite of | unexpected result | They climbed up hills in spite of bad weather. |
So that | the reason for sth | I went to market so that I could buy some fruits. |
To | for the purpose of | I bought a computer to learn to type. |
In order to | for the purpose of | He went to the zoo in order to see wild animals. |
If | in that condition | If you work hard, you can pass the exam. |
Unless | if not | You won’t succeed unless you labour hard. |
However | to whatever degree | He is a good boy. However, a few friends like him. |
While | shows time order [same time] | Father watches television while I do my homework. |
After | shows time order [first action] | I take a bath after I come from office. |
When | shows time order [first action] | I go out when I finish my work. |
Before | shows time order [second action] | Before taking bath, I walk for an hour. |
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS | ||
Both …and | not only...but also | Both father and mother are equally important. |
Either…or | choice of two | I like to play either shirt or t-shirt. |
Neither…nor | true negative statement | Neither I played nor did I enjoy the game. |
Whether…or | choice | Whether you do it yourself or let me do. |
Not only...but also | sth else is also true | I not only wrote poem but also recited it in class. |
Grammar Focus: Common Errors
Incorrect Correct | |
| Unless you try, you will never succeed. |
| Jack is neither intelligent nor hardworking. |
| As he is fat he runs slowly. He is fat so he runs slowly. |
| When I reached there, it was raining. |
| Do it carefully lest you make a mistake. |
| Though he was poor he was happy. He was poor but he was happy. |
| The car dashed against either a goat or a donkey. |
| The sun had hardly risen when we set out. Hardly had the sun risen when we set out. |
| As soon as he got the telegram, he started. |
| This is my house where I live. This is my house. I live here. |
Additional
Practice: Read these sentences.
Her voice was shaking despite all her efforts to control it.
In
spite of his age, he still leads an
active life.
We thought it was correct. However, we have now discovered some errors.
Although the sun was shining, it wasn’t very warm. Though she gave no sign, I was sure she had seen me. Even as he shouted the warning the car skidded.
I like her, even though she can be annoying at times.
The
more she thought about it, the more depressed she became.
It looks as though it’s all up with us now.
Tony behaved as if nothing
had happened to him.
It’s been an age since we’ve seen them.
We have got a new dining table for the dining room.
All horses are animals, but not all animals are horses.
The old system had its defects, nevertheless it was right to the new one. The problems are not
serious. Nonetheless,
we need to tackle them soon. Life was
harder at that time because neither of
them had a job.
Candidates are judged on technical
accuracy as
well as artistic expression.
There were as many
as 200 people at the lecture.
We went early so as to get good seats.
The man
walked slowly because of his
fractured leg.
Nilam is only seventeen. Therefore, she is not eligible to vote.
It’s a small sports car,
yet
it’s amazingly spacious. I learnt to
write a letter when I was at
school.
It was for a while before I
realized the truth. I will call you later after I
finish my work.
He must have lost his bag while he was asleep.
I’m going to buy either a camera or a grand piano
with the money.
Neither
Roman nor his
friends are learning well.
We are very busy so that we
won’t be able to take time off this year. He bought the computer to write a book.
I listened enthusiastically for he
brought good news for me. Rima hurried up hoping that she could catch the first bus. Sigma was afraid lest she had exposed too much.
He is so clever
that no one can deceive him.
This school is not only popular but also has many
facilities.
A.
Choose
the correct connectives to complete the following sentences.
1.
Some
people were invited to the party couldn’t come. (who/which/where)
2.
That’s the woman (which/who/what/that)
works in our office.
3.
The
manager called a meeting
we left our works. (so/although/because)
4.
my confidence,I could
not score good marks. (Despite/for/Because of)
5.
She
sings well and do I. (so/nor/or)
6.
Try, try you
die. (up to/still/until)
7.
Wait here
8.
We’ll
wait here
(after/before/till) I return.
(before/where/until) you come.
9.
You can’t be a good teacher (if/unless/whether)
you read and write well.
10. This is the house (what/who/which)
belongs to my sister.
11. This is the place (when/which/where)
I live.
12. Those
(which/where/who/when) have passed
the SEE can apply for this post.
13. We could not go for trek (because/despite/because of) the snowfall.
14. We go to school we get knowledge. (to/in order to/in order that)
15. We go to the bank (to/for/so that) we can cash the cheque.
16. he is rich, he does not buy attractive clothes.
(Although/Despite/ Because)
17. She
worked hard (to/because/so
that) she could win the race.
18. The
book is (very/so/very much)
interesting that it became the best seller.
19. the rain, the game was continued. (Because of/Although/In
spite of)
20. he is poor, he
is helpful. (Although/So/However)
21. her poverty, she
is involved in social work. (Because of/In spite of/Though)
22. The
man (which/who/when)
is standing against the wall is a teacher.
23. The school was closed (because/so
that/because of) strike.
24. He
boasts he knows it. (as/ as if/but for)
25. you work hard, you cannot succeed. (If/Unless/As)
B.
Choose
the correct connectives to complete the following sentences.
1.
The hotel (what/when/where) I stayed was very clean.
2.
This
is the girl (whom/who/that) I like
most.
3.
This
is the house (which/when/who/where) I was born.
4.
We have been victim (because/because of/so) his cruelty.
5.
We continued the work (despite/since/because
of) bad weather.
6.
We saw the grapes (who/which/where)
hung over the garden wall.
7.
You can’t do it can
I. (so/nor/or)
8.
(Despite/Because/Because
of) the rain, they enjoyed the picnic very much.
9.
(Although/Because/However)
he is poor, he helps the orphans.
10. (Because/Because of/Although) she is rich, she does not
spend money.
11. she is old, she can read without glasses. (Even
though/However/In spite)
12. he is on diet, his weight is constant. (Even though/In
spite of/However)
13. She was good at physics the
fact that she found it boring. (as/ for/despite)
14. They went swimming all
the danger signs. (despite/because of/even though)
15. He wanted to take no risks, small. (however/despite/although)
16. She has the window open, cold
it is outside. (although/however/because of)
17. carefully I explained, she
still didn’t understand. (Despite/ However/Though)
18. you look at it, it is going to cost a lot.(As /Though/However)
19. He
was feeling bad. He went to work, , and tried to concentrate. (despite/
however/though)
20. He is very smart. a few people like him.(Despite/However/Though)
21. he is nearly 80, he is still very active. (Despite/However/Although)
22. the sun was shining, it
wasn’t very warm. (Despite/However/Although)
23. small, the kitchen is well designed. (Despite/However/Although)
24. I felt he was wrong, I
didn’t say so at the time. (despite/ however/although)
25. Anne was fond of Tim, he
often annoyed her. (despite/ however/though)
26. she gave no
sign, I was sure she had seen me. (Despite/However/Though)
27. His
clothes, old and worn, are of good quality. (despite/however/although)
28. Strange it may sound, I was pleased
it was over. (despite/however/although)
29. Our team lost. It was a good game . (despite/however/although)
30. I like her, she
can be annoying at times. (despite/however/even though)
C.
Choose
the correct connectives to complete the following sentences.
1.
Our
car is damaged. we’re getting a new one soon. (But/Therefore/For)
2.
All
horses are animals, not all animals are horses. (as/but/however/so)
3.
I
invited some of my colleagues
not all. (as/but/however/so)
4.
The
party was all over when we arrived. (as/but/however/so)
5.
We have three sons none of them lives/live nearby.
(as/but/however/so)
6.
We saw several
houses none we really liked. (as/but/however/so)
7.
He
told me all the news none of it was very exciting. (as/but/however/so)
8.
I
offered to pay he was having none of it. (as/but/however/so)
9.
I’m
afraid we can’t come, thanks for the invitation anyway. (as/but/however so)
10. I suggested sharing the cost, he
wasn’t having any of it. (as/but/ however/so)
11. The water was cold
12. She was not only intelligent
I took a shower anyway. (as/but/however/so)
also very musical. (as/but/however/so)
13. We got there early Mike had already left. (as/but/however/so)
14. You cannot join us you complete your homework. (if/unless/though)
15. I showed him the photographs he
did not believe me.(but/however/though)
16. I’ve never been there; it is
a lovely place, by all accounts. (as/but/however/so)
17. I was standing right next
to
her,
(as/but/however/so)
she
didn’t even acknowledge me.
18. The
letter was correctly
addressed,
(as/but/however/so)
delivered
to the wrong house.
19. The room was small adequate. (as/but/however/so)
20. The book is too long , it
is useful and entertaining.(nevertheless/though/as)
21. The
problems are not serious. , we
shall need to tackle them soon. (nevertheless/because of/despite)
22. Life was harder then neither
of us had a job. (since/because/though)
23. Coursework is taken into account
exam results. (as well as/too/since/also)
24. I was just beginning to enjoy
myself we
had to leave. (when/while/after)
25. Penguins have wings, they cannot fly. (As/Though/But)
26. I
was surprised he
addressed me in English. (when/while/after/because)
27. I
nearly suffocated the
pipe came adrift. (when/while/after/because)
28. People often simply discard their pets they
go abroad. (when/while/after)
29. He
gets aggressive he is
drunk. (when/while/after/because)
30. it was raining, I didn't carry raincoat. (Although/Despite/Because)
31. she was very popular, she
lost the election.(Although/Despite/Because)
32. I bough a TV entertainment.
(for/so/to)
33. She sold her car buy
another one. (in order to / for/ so that)
34. Bread
butter is my best food. (but/and/so)
35. Her
voice was shaking all her efforts to control it. (even
though/however/In spite of )
D.
Choose the correct connectives to complete the following sentences.
1.
He
does not speak, does he drink. (either/neither/also)
2.
You
must apologize, you
will be finished. (if/unless/otherwise)
3.
He
must be asleep there is no light in his room.(for/so/hence)
4.
He
has been working hard, he will pass. (for/so/hence)
5.
We will promote him he is efficient.(because/so/hence)
6.
I
can’t help you you tell me the truth.(if/unless/otherwise)
7.
It looks it might rain.(as if/if/like)
8.
she is poor, she is always neatly dressed.(As/Though/Since)
9.
I
have such regard for him I
will do anything for him.(that/as/than)
10. He climbed up a tree to
get a good view.(so as/such as/so that)
11. John smokes his brother doesn’t.(but/however/though)
12. Alan Manish has
come.(Neither-nor/Also/As-as)
13. She
speaks English Spanish.(as
though/as if/as well as)
14. I like
him he
is very sincere.(because/though/however)
15.
16. She is ill
he worked hard, he did not
win.(Because/Though/However) she is cheerful.(but/as well as/though)
17. it was raining, we decided to go out. (Because/Though/However)
18. The
piper played the
children danced. (because/and/however)
19. James works hard his
brother is lazy. (whereas/though/however)
20. I went to the shop bought
some vegetables. (because/and/however)
21. You must start at once; you will be late. (if/unless/otherwise)
22. He must be tired he
has been working since morning. (because/and/however)
23. He
is not clever as his brother. (so/because/however)
24. He must be punished he is
guilty. (because/since/for)
25. A
fool his
money are soon parted. (and/too/as well as)
26. He was not punished he
was guilty. (though/despite/because of)
27. He
worked hard he might pass the examination. (that/for/as)
28. Give every man thy ear few thy voice. (but/however/too)
29. I waited for him the
clock struck seven. (until/as long as/when)
30. You will not get the prize you deserve it. (unless/otherwise/nevertheless)
31. It has been a year I saw
him. (since/as/yet)
32. Hardly had he reached the platform the
train arrived. (when/while/after)
33. No sooner did he see the tiger he
fainted. (than/then/after)
34. She
felt unwell she stayed at home. (so/so that/so. that)
35. Maya is smart everbody
likes her.(so/so that/so. that)
E.
Choose
the correct connectives to complete the following sentences.
1.
They attempted
all the questions. some questions were out of the course.
(Despite/Despite of/However)
2.
They can stay (when/where/whom/while) they want.
3.
They
carried an umbrella (so/for/because) it was raining.
4.
They
completed the work on time many difficulties. (because of/in spite
of/as long as)
5.
They
hurt the teacher (therefore/so that/however) he did not
punish them.
6.
They
went to the river (because/so that/to/as) they
wanted.
7.
They were playing (when/where/who)
I left for school.
8.
They she
will come today. (as well as/as well/as)
9.
This
is the boy (where/whom/which) I like
most.
10. This is the exact location (that/when/where)
I had lost my ring.
11. You can’t succeed
(if/unless/without) you work hard.
12. You didn’t obey them (because/so that/before) you were punished.
13. You will be punished for (what/when/while)
you have done.
14. The climbers were lost the avalanche. (however/because of/therefore)
15. He is the best teacher, he has the least experience. (though/because/despite)
16. She never took a taxi, she
could afford to. (even though/because/despite)
17. It
looks it
is all up with us now. (as though/because/despite)
18. It's been an age we’ve
seen them. (since/as/because of)
19. It is a long time they
left. (since/as/because of)
20. The
argument continued I
stopped them. (until/while/after/because)
